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BusinessContracts商务合同例如:修改――amendmentstooralterationsof;效力――forceandeffect;履行――fulfillorperform;提供――furnishandprovide;解释――interpretationorconstruction;达成――makeandenterinto;无效――nullandvoid;I、同义词、近义词等连用。在商务合同中,经常用同义词,间用and或or连接。此种用词意在强调说明合同内容、严格区分条款项目,在避免因歧义而发生纠纷。•依照本协议的条款规定――onthetermsandsubjecttotheconditions•由双方――byandbetween•秘密――secretandconfidential•可转让――transferableorassignable•II、复合词多使用带有here,there,where等前缀•在合同中使用这类复合词可避免重复,做到简洁、严密,同时反映出合同应有的正式规范性。举例说明如下:•“here”应理解为“this”•“there”应理解为“that”•“where”应理解为“which”•hereof=ofthis在本文中;herewith=withthis关于此点;hereafter=afterthistime在此之后;hereby=bymeansofthis以此方式;herein=inthisplace于此处;hereinafter=beloworinthisdocument在下文;hereto=tothis由是,由此;hereby(特此,兹),thereto(另外,随附),thereof(其中,它的),whereas(鉴于),whereby(凭借),whereupon(因此,于是)。III.多用shall代替will或should•shall表示法律上需要强制执行的义务,有“应该”、“必须”的意思。“will”在合同中虽也用作表示承担义务,但语气比“shall”弱。在合同中“should”通常只用来表示语气较强的假设“万一”,这是英语合同用词与基础英语用词的不同之处。1.PartyBshallshipthegoodswithinonemonthofthedateofsigningthisContract,i.e.notlaterthanDecember15.•本合同签字之日一个月内,即不迟于12月25日,你方须将货物装船。2.PartyAshallpayPartyBamonthlysalaryofUS$500(SAYFIVEHUNDREDUSDOLLARSONLY).•聘方须每月付给受聘方美元500元整。IV.选用正规性词语商务合同作为正式性的法律文件,用于规定权利义务,表明细节条目,因此用词斟酌,正式、规范,多用正式或法律上的用词。1.AttherequestofPartyB,PartyAagreestosendtechnicianstoassistPartyBtoinstalltheequipment.•“应乙方要求,甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。”assist较help正式;2.TheEmployershallrendercorrecttechnicalguidancetothepersonnel.•“雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。”render较give正式;V.常见惯用词的公式化使用•1、惯用WHEREAS“鉴于”,多用它在前文中引出签约背景和目的,起连词作用。例如:•(1)WHEREAStheEmployerisdesirousthatmanpowercanberenderedavailablefortheconstructionofHigh-RiseResidentialComplexinBaghdad,Iraq;•“鉴于雇主欲请劳动力建造伊拉克巴格达的高层住宅综合大楼;”•(2)WHEREAStheContractorisdesiroustoprovidethemanpowerfortheWorks;•“鉴于承包人想为此工程提供劳动力;”英语商务合同中常用短语hereinafterreferredtoas以下称whereas鉴于inwitnesswhereof兹证明forandonbehalfof代表byvirtueof因为priorto在……之前asregards/concerning/relatingto关于ceasetodo停止做ineffect事实上miscellaneous其他事项ForceMajeure(不可抗力),defect(瑕疵),jurisdiction(管辖),draftatsight(即期汇票),letterofcredit(信用证),billoflading(提单),documentsagainstacceptance(承兑交单),billofexchange(汇票),firmoffer(实盘),technologytransfer(技术转让)等等,这些专业术语语义精炼,表义准确,正式、规范、严谨,符合合同正规、严肃的文体特征。英语商务合同中常用的术语常用条件句•合同为表达可能发生的各种情况、设想,以及相关的处理方法,条款中条件句较多,尤其是在有关付款、违约责任、不可抗力、财产处理和仲裁等几部分中。这种结构虽然拖沓冗长,但表意精确,避免了产生歧义的情形。常见表达有:•intheeventthat,incase表达“如果、假若”,should表达希望某事不太可能发生等。•(1)IncasetheImportLicenseisrequired,thebuyershouldsettletheproblembeforeplacingtheorder.•若需要进口许可证,买方应在订货前办妥。•(2)Shouldthebuyerfailtoperformanyprovisionofthecontractsignedwiththeseller,thesellerisentitledtoterminatethewholeoranypartofthecontract,orpostponethedeliveryorholdbackthegoodsintransit.•假如买方未能履行与卖方所订立合同的任何条款,卖方有权终止全部或部分合同,或延期交货,或截留运输中货物。状语转换•状语转换为主语•ForthepurposeofthisContract,thePartyBdesirestointroducethePatentandengageinproductioncooperationinaccordancewiththetechnicalknow-howspecifiedinthePatent.•本合同的目的在于乙方希望引进专利,按专利提供的技术进行合作生产。•状语转换为谓语•TheconditionsfortheestablishmentoftheJointVentureCompanyandthetotalamountofinvestmentandregisteredcapitalarestipulatedinthisContrast.•本合同规定了设立合资公司的条件以及投资总额与注册资本。买卖合同(范式)•合同号:•签署日期/地点:•买方名称:•法定地址:•联系人:•卖方名称:•法定地址:•联系人:•买卖双方经协商,签署本合同。根据合同条款规定,买方同意购买,卖方同意出售下列货物。•货物名称及合同适用范围•价格•付款方式•包装条件•……•双方证明,合同自签署之日起生效。•买方:卖方:•签署人:签署人:•日期:日期:•最终用户:•签署人:•日期:BasicTermsandConditions1.Nameofcommodityandspecification(品名及规格):LithophoneZnscontent28%min.2Quantity:900M/T.(MetricTon)公吨3Unitprice(单价):USD120perM/TCFRC5%Singapore.•C:Cost(成本)•F:Freight(运费)•C:Commission(佣金)4Totalamount:USD108,000with5%moreorless(溢短装条款)bothinamountandquantityattheseller’soption.5Packing:Bypaper-linedglass-fibrebagsof25kg.each,grossfornet.(以毛作净)6.Shippingmarks(运输标志或唛头):Tobedesignatedbythesellers.7.PortofshipmentandPortofDestination(装运港和目的港):FromQingtaotoSingapore8.Timeofshipment:DuringMay/July,1995,intothreeequallots.Partialshipment(分批装运)tobeallowed,transhipment(转运)nottobeallowed.9.Insurance:Tobecoveredbythebuyers.10.Termsofpayment:Byirrevocable,transferable,anddivisiblebanker’sacceptanceletterofcredittocoverthetotalvalueofeachmonthly(orlotof)shipmentasstipulatedabove11.Commodityinspection(商品检验):CertificateofqualityandweightissuedbytheChineseImportandExportCommodityInspectionBureauattheportofshipment12AmendmentofLetterofCreditIftheL/Cisnotinaccordancewiththetermsofcontract,amendmentsshouldbemadeimmediatelybythebuyersBuyersshallberesponsibleforanylossesthusincurredaswellasforlateshipmentthuscaused13ShippingAdvice(装运通知)ThesellersortheirbranchesshallnotifythebuyersortheiragentsbycableortelexofthenumberofL/C,quantityandnameofvesselimmediatelyafterloadingiscompleted.14Claims(索赔)Thebuyersshallhavetherightwithin30daysafterthearrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestinationtolodgeorfileclaimsconcerningthequality,quantityorweightofthegoods(claimsforperishablegoodsaretobeputforwardimmediatelyafterarrivalofthegoodsatdestination).15.ForceMajeure(不可抗力)Shouldanynaturaldisastershappen,thetimeofshipmentmightbeextended,orapartorwholeofthecontractcancelledwithoutliabilityattachedtothesellers.Thesellershallfurnishthebuyerwithin15daysaftertheaccidentbyregistereda
本文标题:商务合同翻译技巧
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