大学英语语法 第十讲 被动语态

第十讲被动语态一、构成英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者,其构成为be+过去分词。例如:Theywillwidentheroad.(主动)Theroadwillbewidened.(被动)Grannytakescareofthegirl.(主动)ThegirlistakencareofbyGranny.(被动)Privilegesmustbedoneawaywith.特权必须废除。Thematterwillbedealtwithassoonaspossible.这事将尽快处理。1.被动语态各种时态形式表一般时态进行时态完成时态现在amisareaskedamisarebeingaskedhashavebeenasked过去waswereaskedwaswerebeingaskedhadbeenasked将来shallwillbeaskedshallwillhavebeenasked过去将来shouldwouldbeaskedshouldwouldhavebeenaskedI..mafraidIambeingfollowed.恐怕我被人跟踪了。(现在进行时)Wehadtotakeadetour.Theroadwasbeingrepaired.我们得绕行,这条路在加宽。(过去进行时)Thecasehasrecentlybeentried.案子最近已经审过了。(现在完成时)Alltheticketshadbeensoldoutwhentheyarrived.他们到达时,所有的票已经售完。(过去完成时)EnglishistaughtinmostschoolsinChina.中国大多数学校都教英语。(一般现在时)Theyweregivenawarmsend-off.他们受到热烈的欢送。(一般过去时)Theirweddingwillbeheldinthechurch.他们的婚礼将在这个教堂里举行。(一般将来时)Theyweretoldthattheresultwouldbeannouncedthenextweek.他们被告知,结果将在下一周宣布。(过去将来时)2.情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的谓语变为被动语态时,结构为:一般式:情态动词(can,could,may,might,must,should,need等)+be+过去分词完成式:情态动词(can,could,may,might,must,should,need等)+have+过去分词Thiscanbedonebyhand.这可以手工做。Thismusn..tbeneglected.这一点不可忽视。大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)535二、被动语态使用要点Itneedn..tbementionedinyourtalk.这一点你在谈话中不必提及。Theenvironmentshouldbeimproved.环境应当改善。Theprojectmighthavebeencompletedearlier.这项工程本可以早些完工的。Suchasituationcouldhavebeenchanged.这种状况本可以改变的。Theyshouldn..thavebeentoldabouttheplan.这个计划是不应当告诉他们的。3.begoingto等不定式结构的被动形式这类不定式结构的被动形式为:begoingtooughttobetobeboundtobesuretobecertaintobeduetobeabouttohave(has)tohadto+be+过去分词Thepatientoughttobeoperatedonatonce.这病人应当立即动手术。Theflowersoughttobewateredeveryotherday.这些花应隔天浇一次水。Themeetingisgoingtobeheldnextweek.会议将于下周举行。Otherproblemsalsohavetobefaced.还需面对其他问题。It..llhavetobeproofreadoncemore.这得重新校对一遍。Suchpeoplearetobepunished.这种人应受到惩罚。Notacloudwastobeseen.看不到一丝云彩。Thethiefissuretobecaught.那个小偷一定会被抓住的。Theyarecertaintobegivenmorecare.他们一定会得到更多的关照的。Theenemyisboundtobedefeated.敌人一定会被打败的。Thebookisduetobepublishedinthecomingspring.这本书将在来年春天出版。Thedecorationisabouttobefinished.装修即将结束。Anotherrailwayisgoingtobebuiltinthisarea.Thetripistobecancelledbecauseofthebadweather.二、被动语态使用要点1.不及物动词不能用于被动语态appear,rise,die,happen,occur,lie,depart,belongto,breakout,takeplace等都属此类动词。例如:Greatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinmyhometown.(误)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometown.(正)2.表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态英语中有些动词(短语动词)不是表示动作,而是表示某种状态或情况,有“拥有、容纳、适合、缺少、明白”等意,这类动词不能用于被动语态,常见的有:lack,fit,mean,hold,resemble,have,cost,equal,contain,suit,comprise,become,last,possess,benefit,lack,befall降临,fail,consistof,looklike等。例如:新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书536第十讲被动语态Thebookcosts10yuan.What..sbecomeofher?HermotherisresembledbyJane.(误)Janeresembleshermother.(正)珍妮长得像她母亲。Note:当have作“吃,接收,经历,度过”解时,虽用作行为动词,但一般不用于被动语态。参阅有关章节。例如:Thechildrenhadamostenjoyableholiday.(正)Amostenjoyableholidaywashadbythechildren.(误)..但当have作“得到,获得,欺骗”解,或同某些介词、副词结合构成及物性短语动词时,可用于被动语态。例如:Shehasbeenhadinthedealing(overthebargain).她在那项交易(买卖)中受骗了。Theticketcanbehadfortheasking.票索要即得。Theyoungmanwashadupbytheboss.(=wassummoned)那个年轻人被老板召走了。3.某些动词的进行时也可表示被动意义,常见的这类词有:bake,owe,brew,cook,print,bind,do等。例如:Themeatiscooking.肉在煮着。Thecakesarebaking.蛋糕在烘。Theteaisbrewing.茶在煮。Themoneyisstillowing.那笔钱仍欠着。Thebridgeisbuilding.桥正在修建。(=isbeingbuilt)Thebookisprinting.这本书正在印刷.Applesaresellingcheaply.苹果卖得很便宜。(=arebeingsold)Thecowwasmilking.那头牛正在挤奶。(=wasbeingmilked)Drumsandgongsarebeating.鼓在打,锣在敲。(arebeingbeaten)Theeggsarefrying.蛋正在煎。Thedictionaryisbinding.词典在装订。Someclothesareairingonthefence.篱笆上晾着一些衣服。Anewfilmisshowingintown.城里在放一部新影片。Thegunsarefiring.枪炮正在开火。Trumpetsaresounding.号角在吹响。Agrandceremonyispreparing.一个盛大的仪式正在准备中。Somemeasuresaretaking.正在采取一些措施。Myworkisfinishing.我的工作在完成。Thehouseiscompleting.房屋正在完工。Thebookisreprintingalready.这本书又在重印了。4.不及物动词构成的短语动词能否用于被动语态1)及物动词构成的短语动词总是及物性的,故可以用于被动语态(注意不可省掉或漏掉介词或副词),如winover,giveup,askfor,makementionof等。但是,不及物动词构成的短语可以是及物性的,也可以是不及物性的;不及物性的短语动词不可用于被动语态,如lookup/down,speakfor等(参阅本章下文)Thefactspeaksforitself.这一事实不言自明。(正)Itselfisspokenforbythefact.(误)大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)537二、被动语态使用要点Thingsarelookingup.情况看来有好转。(正)Thingsarebeinglookedup.(误)2)不及物动词构成的及物性短语动词则可以用于被动语态Shewasmuchlookeduptoforherkindnesses.她因多行善事而受人尊敬。Thattickethasbeenspokenfor.那张票有人订了。Themanhasalwaysbeenlookeduponwithdisapprovalbyhiswife.那人总被妻子以非难的态度看待。Theproblemhasbeengoneinto.这个问题已经得到研究。Thehousewasoncelivedinbyamonk.这所房子曾有一个和尚住过。Thegroundhasbeensatonandthebedhasbeensleptin.地上有人坐过,床上有人睡过。Note:payattentionto,takecareof等短语动词可以有两种被动语态形式。例如:Thesituationhasbeenpaidattentionto.Attentionshavebeenpaidtothesituation.Thewoundedaretakengoodcareof.Goodcareistakenofthewounded.Thehousehasbeenmadeamessof.Amesshasbeenmadeofthehouse.3)rain等不及物动词,有时也转用作及物动词(参阅第八讲)Sometimesitrainssmallfish.有时候,天上下小鱼。Themeetingwasrainedout(off).会议因雨停开了。Awheatcrophasbeenrainedout.小麦收成被连续雨天糟蹋了。Note:下列短语动词不用于被动语态,或在某层意思上不用于被动语态:①动词+介词→aimfor,agreewith,admitof(有..的余地),adjustto,cometo(涉及),becomeof(结果是),belongto,accordwith,aboundin②动词+副词→getback,faceout(坚持到底),answerback(顶嘴),haveon(穿上)③动词+名词+介词→setsailfor,givewayto(让位于),haveahandin(插手),giveplaceto④动词+副词+介词→keepupwithHeansweredhis