词类转换

TechniquesofEnglish-ChineseTranslationShiftofperspectiveAstherearemanydifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesegrammerandexpressions.ItisnecessarytoconvertintranslationtomakeTLsmoothandreadable.Shiftofperspective:1)conversionofpartsofspeech2)conversionofsentenceelements3)conversionofexpressionmodes4)conversionofnatualorderandinvertedorder5)conversionofaffirmativeandnegativeexpressions6)conversionofactiveandpassivevoice7)conversionofclausesI.Conversionofpartsofspeech--CertainpartsofspeechinEnglishisconvertedintoanotherkindofpartsofspeechinChinese.1.1Conversionfromnountoverb.1）nounsrelatetopsychologyandexpressionMysuggestionisthatheshouldquitsmokingatonce.我建议他立刻戒烟。e.g.opinionthoughtobjectionrefusaldeclarationproposal2)Sevensenseanditsderivationsighthearingtouchsmellingtastefeelinghunch/intuitionspectatoraudienceFormillionsofimmigrants,theStatueofLibertywastheirfirstsightofthepromisingland.数百万移民一踏上这块希望的土地，第一眼看到的是自由女神像。Largenumbersenjoythespectatorsports.许多人喜欢观看比赛。3)Verbderivationwither/orsuffix—notrepresentidentityorcareer,butwiththemeaningofstrongaction.afastrunner跑得很快asmartlearner学得很快agoodliar你真会说谎Youaresuchaloser!你真逊！4)NounswhichreflectfourmajortrendsanddynamicchangeincreasedecreasestabilizationfluctuationTheAmericanairlineindustryhasenjoyedsignificantexpansioninthelasttwentyyears.在过去的20年当中，美国航空业迅猛发展。extensionconcentrationgrowthboomprosperity1.2.ControversionfromprepositiontoverbTheclassroomisbeyonditsmaximumseatingcapacity.这个教室坐不下那么多人。Throughtheairport,intothecabandthenintotheclient’soffice,Pylesstrugglewhilethemenforgedahead.几个男同事一路轻松自如地走在前面，而派尔却十分吃力地穿过机场，钻入出租车，走进客户的办公室。2.Conversionfromverb&adv.tonoun&adj.（1）Theinflammationischaracterizedbyred,swelling,fever,andpain.炎症的特点是红、肿、热、痛。（2）ThevisitingguestswereescortedtotheYellowCraneTowerlastSunday.上星期天，来访的客人和陪同人员一起参观了黄鹤楼。2.Conversionfromverb&adv.tonoun&adj.(3)OurgovernmentshowsgreatconcernfortheChineseresidentsabroad.我国政府十分关心海外华侨。(4)Formalityhasalwayscharacterizedtheirrelationship.他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。3.Conversionfromnountoadj.&adv.（1）Headded:Iunderstandandrespectthoseviews,butIdeeplybelieveinthecorrectnessofmydecision.他还说：我理解并尊重他们的看法，但我深信我的决定是正确的。”（2）Theycamebackgameandglee.他们兴高采烈地回来了。II.Conversionofsentenceelements--CertainsentenceelementinEnglishisconvertedintoanotherkindofelementinChinese.Mainlybetweensubject,predicate,object,attribute,adverbialmodifierandcomplement.１、ConverstionbetweensubjectandobjectAnimateverb:followedbyanimatesubjectInanimateverb:followedbyinanimatedsubject(1)AmericaneducationowesagreatdebttoThomasJefferson.托马斯·杰斐逊对美国的教育事业做出了巨大贡献。(2)Herpresenceofmindhadnotcompletelydesertedher;butshecouldnothavetrustedherselftospeak.她虽没有完全失去镇静，可是却又找不出话可说。(3)BrusselsfelltohimonSeptember3andAntwerpthenextday.他于9月3日攻克了布鲁塞尔，次日又拿下了安特卫普。２.ConverstionbetweenattributeandobjectSincethiscountrywasfounded,eachgenerationofAmericanshasbeensummonedtogivetestimonytoitsnationalloyalty.自建国以来，每一代美国人都被要求宣誓效忠于祖国。3.ConversionbetweenattributeandadverbialmodifierHewillgiveanimmediatereply.他会立即答复。IIIConversionofexpressionmodes1.Measurewordse.g.score,dozen,decade,quarterFourscoreandsevenyearsagoourfathersbroughtforthonthiscontinentanewnation.87年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上创建了一个新的国家。Duringthefirstpartofhislife,Wattstudiedweatherandstorm.瓦特年轻时研究天气和风暴。ShewillbebackinthelasttendaysofJune.她将于六月下旬回来。2.Differentexpressionperspective.Hisfatherisinhissixties.年逾花甲Ourmen’swear25%discount.七五折Youarequiteastrangerhere.这里的人不认识你Thereusedtobeariverheretwocenturiesbackofthis.两个世纪以前，这里曾有一条河。I’mlowIQ,youknow.我很笨；lowEQ(吃不开)；Thereisalwaysaplaceforyouatyourtable.请你随时来吃便饭。IV.ConversionofnatualorderandinvertedorderNaturalorder:Subject—predicateInvertedorder:Predicate–subjectEnglishuseinvertedordertoemphasize,highlightandbalancesentencestructure.WhileinChinesewedon’tuseitasfrequentlyasinEnglish.(1）Awayrantheboy.男孩跑开了.(2）Slowlyclimbsthesummermoon.夏天的月亮慢慢地爬上来了。SometimesnotnecessaryThencamewind,hailandfrost.接着又是风灾，雹灾和霜冻。Incameanoldmanwithablackhat.进来了一位带黑帽子的老人。Sometimespartiallyinverted.Theyplayedchessinhighspiritsattheclubyesterday.他们昨天在俱乐部高兴的下棋。V.conversionofaffirmativeandnegativeexpressions-basedondifferentexpresstionhabits.1.FromaffirmativeexpresstioninEnglishtonegativeexpresstioninChinese.frost-freerefrigerator无霜冰箱Heyelled“Freeze!”他大喝一声：“不许动！”carefree无忧无虑的Herhusbandhatestoseeherstonyface.她丈夫不愿意见到她那张面无表情的脸。Thenaughtyboyisfarfromhonestandhisexcuseisprettythin.这个调皮的男孩很不老实，他的借口一点也站不住脚。Theproposalwascarriedbyaverynarrowmargin.这项建议差点通不过。2.FromaffirmativeexpresstioninChinesetonegativeexpresstioninEnglish.TheUnitedNationsOrganizationhasnot,sofar,justifiedthehopeswhichthepeopleoftheworldsetonit.到目前为止，联合国辜负了世界人民寄予的希望。ForthreeweeksIheldbothjobs,workingfromeightinthemorninguntilmidnight.NeverinmylifehaveIbeenhappier.三周来我身兼两职，每天从早上八点一直工作到午夜。我的一生中以那段时光最为快乐。VI.Conversionofactiveandpassivevoice(shiftofvoice)1、Frompasstivetoactivevoice1）Kindsofpassivewords“受……”、“遭……”、“由……”、“给……”、“为……所……”、“予以……”、“加以……”(1)Inamomenthewillturnandseeus,andhisfacewillbelightedbyasmilesoradiantyou'llfeelwarmallthewaythrough.过一会儿他会转过身来看着我们，那时他脸上会泛出灿烂的微笑，让你全身都感到温