定语及定语从句

定语及定语从句一，定语句子中修饰名词或代词的成分叫做定语。定语可以由形容词，名词，不定式，分词，动名词或从句来充当。eg:Sheisabeautifulgirl.（形容词）ImetsomeonefunnyonmywaytoBeijing.（形容词）（修饰不定代词的定语后置）HeisanEnglishteacher.（名词）（名词作定语时一般用单数，例外的有sports,如asportsstar）Ihavealotofworktodo.（不定式）Thebookwrittenbyaschoolboyisverypopularnow.（过去分词短语）Wecanseetherisingsun.（现在分词）=thesunisrising.Heisinthereadingroom.(动名词)=theroomforreadingTheboywhobrokethewindowisTom’sbrother.（从句）注意：1.形容词作定语一般放在所修饰的词前面；但当形容词修饰的是something,anything,everything,nothing,someone,everyone,everybody,somewhere等不定代词时，要放在这些词的后面。present(在场的),absent(缺席的)作定语时需要后置。studentspresent/absent2.不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。3分词作定语时，即可放在所修饰词前，也可放在所修饰词后1）分词前置：单独的一个分词作定语，一般放在所修饰词前。Heisaretiredworker.他是位退休的工人2）分词后置分词在以下情况，放在所修饰词的后面i.分词词组；Therewasagirlsittingthere.有个女孩坐在那里ii.个别分词如given,left；Thisisthequestiongiven.这是所给的问题iii.修饰不定代词something等Thereisnothinginteresting.没有有趣的东西过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.=MostofthepeoplewhowereinvitedtothepartywerefromSouthAfrica二，定语从句（AttributiveClauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when,where,why等。IlikethebooksthatarewrittenbyMr.Green.先行词关系词A．关系词：关系词通常有三个作用：引导定语从句，指代先行词，在定语从句中充当句子成分。关系词类别关系词先行词充当从句中的句子成分关系代词who人主，宾，表whom人宾which物主，宾，表that人或物主，宾，表as人或物主，宾，表whose人或物定关系副词where地点状when时间状whyreason状Anyonewhobreaksthelawwillsurelybepunished.1.先行词指人时，定语从句的引导词：（1）指人时，who和that都可以使用.（2）who和whom都可以作定语从句宾语，但从句中的介词提前时，不能用who.Heisthemanwho/whomItalkedtoyouabout.=HeisthemanaboutwhomItalkedtoyou.（3）先行词是人时，只用who,不用或少用that的情况：a.当先行词是one,ones,anyone时，引导定语从句的关系词一般只用who,不用that如果先行词是someone,也可用thatHeisnotonewhoiseasilyfrightened.IthinkJoeistheonewhoborrowedmypeo.Theoneswhotelllieswon’tgainothers’trust.Anyonewhosawtheaccidentshouldphonethepolice.Someonewho/thatclaimstobeyourunclewantstoseeyou.b.先行词是those时，关系代词一般用who不用thatThosewhodon’twishtogoneednotgo.c.Therebe句型中，修饰人的定语从句的关系代词一般只用who来引导Thereisacertainoldmaninthevillagewhononeofuslikes.d.若一个句子中有两个定语从句，第一个已经用that,则第二个一般用whoThemanthatistalkingwithourteacheristheprofessorwhogaveusareportyesterday.e.当定语从句与先行词较远时，引导定语从句的关系代词一般只用whoIcameacrossmyfirstteacherinthestoreyesterdaywhowasstillbeautiful.f非限定性定语从句只用who来引导,不用thatHehasason,whoisadoctor.（4）当先行词是人，只用that不用who的情况：a.以who开头的特殊疑问句，定语从句的先行词如果是人，关系代词只用that不用whoWhoisthegirlthatsaidhellotoyoujustnow?b.当先行词既有人也有物时，定语从句只用that来引导Theyoftertalkaboutthepersonandthingsthattheyremember.c.当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，只用that来引导He’schanged.Heisnotthemanthathewas.d.当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时，只用that.ThisisthemostbeautifulladythatIhaveevermet.e.当先行词是other时，定语从句只用that引导。Youcanasktheoldmanoranyotherthatwasthereatthetime.2.先行词是物时that和which一般可以互换使用，但有时不可换用。（1）下列场合一般用that:a.先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,theone,none等不定代词Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.ThelittlethatIhaveseenofhisworkissatisfactory.b.先行词被序数词，形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very等词修饰ThefirstbookthatIboughtinthisbookstoreisadictionary.ThelastpersonthatItalkedwithinLondonismygirlfriendThebestteacherthatIhaveevermethasgoneabroadYoucantakeanyseatthatisvacant.c.先行词有两个：一个指人，另一个指物Imissallthepeopleandplacesthatwevisitedlastsummerd.主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句。e.Therebe句型中，Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisfree.f.先行词为数词时Threebuildingshavebeencompleted,buttherearetwothatarestillunderconstruction.（2）下列场合不能用thata.在非限定性定语从句中，即逗号后的定语从句不用that引导，指人时用who或whom,指物时用which.b.在“介词+关系代词”结构中不用that,指人时用whom,指物时用which.Thisisthebookaboutwhichwearetalking.c.先行词为that,those时，关系词用which指物，who指人What’sthatwhichyouhavegotinyourhand?d.两个定语从句，一个用了that,另一个则用which.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.e.关系代词后有插入语时，只用whichHerearesomestampswhich–Ithink–youcantakeaway.3.当关系词在从句中作宾语时，关系词可以省略。4.当先行词指时间，地点，原因（thereason）时，且关系词在从句中作状语，用when,where,why如果关系词在从句中作主语，表语或宾语，则用that或which.Iwanttovisittheplacewheremymotherwasborn.=Iwanttovisittheplaceinwhichmymotherwasborn.IstillremembertheyearswhenIstudiedinthemiddleschool.=IstillremembertheyearsinwhichIstudiedinthemiddleschool.Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhedidn’tagreewithus.=Ididn’tknowthereasonforwhichhedidn’tagreewithus.5.当先行词是theway,并且关系词在从句中作方式状语时，可以用that,inwhich引导，也可省略。当先行词是time,time当“次数”讲时，用that引导定语从句，且that可以省略；当time表示“一段时间，时间”讲时，定语从句用when或at/duringwhich引导Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)hetalkedtohismother.Icanhardlyrememberhowmanytimes(that)I’vefailed.I’llneverforgetthetimewhen/atwhichwevisitedyourhometown.6.当先行词family,class,team,army,company等被当作单数时，定语从句中用which,被当作复数时，用who或whom.Thefamily,whichisalargeandrichone,waspoor.Theparty,whoareallchildren,havelosttheirway.7.当先行词是动物时，定语从句一般用whichThedog,whichhehadkeptforfiveyears,waskilledbysomeoneyesterday.B．“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，常常将介词前置于作宾语的关系词前，IlovethemusicthatIcandanceto.=IlovethemusictowhichIcandance.ThemanwhoItalkedtojustnowismybrother.=ThemantowhomItalkedjustnowismybrother.介词后面的关系词指人时只用whom,不能用who或that;指物时只用which,不能用that.注意，并非所有情况下介词都可以前移，含有介词的短语动词不可拆开，介词仍需放在动词后面，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。“介词+which/whom”前还可以用some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词，名词或