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当前位置:首页 > 金融/证券 > 股票报告 > 英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)
Chapter5Morphology(形态学,词法学)InternalstructuresofwordsandrulesofwordformationcarefulwonderfulsuccessfulbeautifulwidendeepenshortenfastensharpenImpossible,incorrect,improper,illegal,report,importexporttransportsupportporterrespectinspectexpectsuspectprospectboysgirlstoysbookstablesbottlesworking,thinkingspeaking,cutting,hittingthe,to,for,bird,leg,air,captain.suffixes,prefixes,roots,inflectionalsuffixes,freeroot•Semantically:root(词根)andaffix•affix(词缀):prefix(前缀),suffix(后缀);derivationalaffixes(派生词缀)andinflectionalaffixes(屈折词缀)•Structurally:freemorphemes(自由词素,即自由词根)andboundmorphemes(粘着词素)5.1whatismorphology•Morphologystudiestheinternalstructures(内部结构)ofwordsandwordformationrules.Itdividedintotwofields:inflectionalmorphology(屈折词法)andderivational/lexicalmorphology(派生词法).Itstudiesthedifferentcategoriesofmorphemes(bound,free,derivationalandinflectional)morphologicalrules5.2morpheme(词素,语素)•Morphemeisaminimalmeaningfulgrammaticalunitinalanguage.•1minimal:smallest,itcannotfurtherbedivided.{un},{bird}butnot•blackboard=black+board•disagree=dis+agree•2meaningful:cannotbefurtherdividedwithoutdestroyingitsmeaning•cap+tain,man+age==manage•3,grammatical:notonlylexicalmorphemeslike{bird,leg,table},butalsogrammaticalones,like{to,for,-s,ed,-er,theaan}•international=inter+nation+al•tourists=tour+ist+s•disagreements=dis+agree+ment+sClassificationofmorphemes•Freemorphemes:thosethatcanexistasindividualwords:the,toforcapshoe•Lexicalmorphemes:nouns,adjectives,verbs,adverbs.Openclass,largepartofvocabulary实词•Functionalmorphemes:prepositions,conjunctions,articles,pronouns.Closedclass.虚词•Boundmorphemes(粘着词素):thosethatcannotoccuraloneasseparatewords.-ful,-less,re-de,tele-vis-ion,un-happy•Roots(词根),themostimportantpartofawordthatcarriestheprincipalmeaning:receive,conceive,deceive,•Respect,expect,suspect,diction,contradictionbirdleghand•Affixes(词缀):thosethatlexicallydependonrootsanddonotconveythefundamentalmeaningofwords.•Interralation:allfreemorphemes(likebird)arerootsbutnotallrootsarefreemorphemes.(likespect).Allaffixesareboundmorphemesbutnotallboundmorphemesareaffixes(likeceive)affixes•Position:prefixes,suffixesandinffixes(中缀)dislike,disagree,discourage;movement,encouragement•spokesman,townspeople•Function:affixescanbedividedinto:inflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixes•Inflectionalaffixes:indicategrammaticalfunction,donotproducenewwordsorcauseachangeingrammaticalclass.Number,gender,tense,aspect,caseanddegree(8个:-s,-s,’s,-ing,-ed,-en,-er,estP60)Derivationalaffixes:producenewwords,somechangegrammaticalclassesofwords.dis-,un-,re-,in-,-ly,-y,ful,-er,ment,tion,(P61)•root:thebasicpartofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalysedwithouttotallossofitsidentity•base:theformthataderivationalaffixisattached,disagree+ment=disagreemen•stem:theformthataninflectionalaffixisattached:reopen+ing=reopening.•eat+ing=eating(stem)eat+able=eatable(base)eat+er=eater•incorrect,impossibleillegalirregular•inexactimpracticleillegibleirrelevant•inaccurateimproper•inefficient{in}---/in/,/im/,/il/,/ir/•enlargeembody•ensureempower•enrich{en}---/en/,/em/Morpheme,morph,allomorph•Morphemesaretheminimalmeaningfulunitsinagrammaticalsystemofalanguage.{ing}•Morphsaretherealizationsofmorphemesingeneralandaretheactualformsusedtorealizemorphemes•Allomorphs(词素变体):therealizationsofaparticularmorpheme./in/,/il//ir/,/im/{d}:/t/aftervoicelessconsonantsexcept/t/;hoped,looked,stopped,finished/d/aftervowelsandvoicedconsonantsexcept/d/;loved,lived,realized/id/after/t/and/d/.Visited,stated,headed•{z}:•/s/:aftervoicelessconsonantsexcept/s/,•//,and//,books,mapsstreets;•/z/aftervowelsandvoicedconsonantsexcept/z/,//,//.bags,carskeys•/iz/after/s/,/z/,//,//,//,//.sizes,bridgesbosses,matches•{haus}---/haus/:house,housework,housewife;or/hauz/:houses•{waif}----/waif/wife,housewife•or/waiv/wives•{naif}---/naif/knife,or/naiv/knives•Morphsarerelatedtomorphemesingeneralandallomorphsarerelatedtoaspecificmorpheme.emptymorphandzeromorph•emptymorph:amorphwhcuhasformbutnomeaning.children=child+r+en•oxen=ox+en•zeromorph:amorphwhichhasmeaningbutnoform.TheyworkinNanjing.•work=work+//sheep(plural)=sheep+//ICanalysis•Morphemicanalysis:toanalysethenumberofmorphemesandtherelationshipsbetweenthemorphemes.•linearorderofmorphemes:thehorizontal(水平)orderorthesequentialcharacteristicsofmorphemesinaword:meanings=mean+ing+s•disagreements=dis+agree+ment+s•hierarchicalorder:theinternalstructureorrelationshipsofthemorphemes.•Immediateconstituentanalysis(ICanalysis)•todividethemorphemesofawordintotwogroupsandthendividethemintosub-groupsandsoon,untiltheirreducibleconstituentsorthemorphemesareobtained.•replacements•replacement+s•replace+ment•re+place•ultimateconstituents(最后成分):re,place,ment,s•immediateconstituents:•constituents:alltheformsexcepttheoneatthetop(word)•replacements•re+placements•placement+s•place+ment•disagreements•dis+agreements•agreements+s•ICanalysismustconformtothemorphologicalrules:therulesthatdeterminehowmorphemesarecombinedintonewwords.每次切分所得的词素都必须有意义,反映词构成的先后顺序.•un+truly,unman+ly•5.6word-formationprocesses•1coining(创造
本文标题:英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)
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