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高二英语语法系列训练定语从句南京市第十二中学俞小卫定语定语可以用下面这些东西表示:1.形容词;2.代词;3.数词;4.名词或名词所有格;5.分词;6.不定式;7.介词短语;8.副词;9.词组或合成词;10.从句例如:Hiswordsmovedeveryonepresent.Webelongtothethirdworld.WemustliveuptotheParty’sexpectations.Thisisindeedamostpressingproblem.Therearetwothingstobediscussedtoday.theinterestsofthepeople/amanofgoodtemper/achildoffive一、基本概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如:Doyouknowthemanwhospokeatthemeetingjustnow?Thatisthehousewherehelivedtenyearsago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词;定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有:that,who,whom,whose,which;引导定语从句的关系副词有:when,where,why.二、关系词的用法:(一)关系代词的用法:1、作主语用who,which和that,如:Heisthemanwho/thatlivesnextdoor.Thetrainwhich/thathasjustleftisforShenzhen.2、作宾语用whom,who,which,that,如:Theman(whom/who/that)wehavejustseenisafamouswriter.Whereisthebook(which/that)Iboughtlastweek?注:在非正式文体中,用于指人的关系代词whowhom,that通常可以省略,但在正式文体中通常用whom,不可省略;用于指物的关系代词which和that在非正式文体中也通常省略,但在正式文体中一般不省略。3、作定语用whose,如:(a)Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolenlastweek.(b)ItwasameetingwhoseimportanceIdidnotrealizeatthattime.4、作表语只用that,它既可以指人,也可以指物,但时常省略。例如:Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.Thisisnolongerthedirtyplace(that)itusedtobe.注:“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语(如上a句),又能作宾语(如上b句)。whose的先行词常用来指人,但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念,这时可以与ofwhich结构互换,词序是:“名词+ofwhich”,如:Theycametoahousewhosebackwallhadbrokendown.(=thebackwallofwhich)He’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vecompletelyforgotten.(=whosename)(二)关系副词的用法:1、when指时间,在从句中作时间状语,它的先行词通常有:time,day,morning,night,week,year等。如:IstillrememberthetimewhenIfirstbecameacollegestudent.DoyouknowthedatewhenLincolnwasborn?注:when时常可以省略,特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。例如:Eachtimehecame,hedidhisbesttohelpus.Buthelpneverstoppedcomingfromthedayshefellill.2、where指地点,在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有:place,spot,street,house,room,city,town,country等,如:Thisisthehotelwheretheyarestaying.IforgetthehousewheretheSmithslived.注:where有时也可以省略。如:Thisistheplace(where)wemetyesterday.3、why指原因或理由,它的先行词只有reason。例如:Thatisthereasonwhyheisleavingsosoon.注:why时常也可以省略。如:Thatistherealreasonhedidit.(三)使用关系副词应注意下列几点:1、这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构:when=on(in,at,during…)+which;where=in(at,on…)+which;why=forwhich.如:IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhich)hearrived.Theofficewhere(=inwhich)heworksisonthethirdfloor.Thisisthechiefreasonwhy(=forwhich)wedidit.2、当先行词是表时间的time,day等和表地点的place,house等时,一定要注意分析从句的结构,如果缺少主语或宾语时,关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时,才能用when或where,试比较:I’llneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated.I’llneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhereradiopartsaremade.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhich/thatmakesradioparts.3、when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why只能引导限制性定语从句。三.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况,对先行词起限定作用,与先行词关系十分密切,不可用逗号隔开,也不可省略,否则全句意义就不完整。如:Thisisthetelegramwhichherefersto.Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?2、非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明,没有限定作用,它与先行词的关系比较松散,因而不是关键性的,如果省略,原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿,在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如:ThisnotewasleftbyTom,whowashereamomentago.Asaboy,hewasalwaysmakingthings,mostofwhichwereelectric.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有:who,whom,whose,which,when和where,不可以用that和why。请同学们注意:非限制性定语从句从意义上讲,相当于一个并列句,在口语中使用并不普遍,在日常生活中,人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如:ItoldthestorytoJohn,wholaterdidittohisbrother.=ItoldthestorytoJohn,andhelatertoldittohisbrother.YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohn,whowaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.=YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohnandhewaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.3、两种定语从句的内涵不同,限制性定语从句具有涉他性,而非限制性定语从句具有唯一性,这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较:Allthebooksthere,whichhavebeautifulpicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.Allthebookstherethathavebeautifulpicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.Hisbrother,whoiseighteenyearsold,isaPLAman.(只有一个)HisbrotherwhoisaPLAmaniseighteenyearsold.(不止一个)4、有时,非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词,而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分,这时一般采用which或as来引导。如:Hepassedtheexam,which/ashehopedhewould.注意:(1)as引导的从句可以放在主句之前,而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。Theyarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.Asisknowntoall,TaiwanisapartofChina.(2)从意义上讲,which指前面主句的内容;而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西,因此常译成“就象……那样”。(3)如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用,则用which,而不用as,如:Shestoleherfriend’smoney,whichwasdisgraceful.Hetoreupmyphoto,whichupsetme.5、在正式文体中,以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以inwhich或that引导,如:Thewayinwhichyouansweredthequestionswasadmirable.但在非正式文体中,人们通常省略inwhich或that:Theway(inwhich)hespoketouswassuspicious.Idon’tliketheway(that)youlaughather.四.关系词的选择1、在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词作主语,只能用who指人,which指物;关系代词做宾语,常用whom(口语中有时用who)指人,which指物,它们都不能用that代替。2、关系代词作介词宾语,不论是在限制性定语从句中,还是在非限制性定语从句中,当介词前置时,只能用whom指人,which指物;但如果介词后置,则不受这种限制,关系代词还可以省去,特别是在口语中。如:Doyouknowtheboytowhomshewastalking?Doyouknowtheboy(that)shewastalkingto?Thepencil(which/that)hewaswritingwithsuddenlybroke.3、在限制性定语从句中,当先行词指物时,关系词可用which或that,二者常可以互换;但在下列情况中,只能用that,不用which:(1)当先行词是all,alot,(a)little,few,much,none,anything,something,everything,nothing等词时。如:Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.InthisfactoryIsawlittle/muchthatwasdifferentfromours.(2)当先行词被all,anyno,much,little,few,every等限定词所修饰时。如:Weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid.(3)当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如:Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetthetickets.WhenpeopletalkaboutHangzhou,thefirstthatcomestomindistheWestLake.(4)当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰,以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级同时修饰时,如:Isthatthebestthatyoucando?That
本文标题:定语从句用法详解
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