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右美托咪定的临床应用复旦大学附属妇产科医院黄绍强兴奋肾上腺素能受体a1b1平滑肌突触前平滑肌心脏a2b2舒张HRCO收缩抑制NE释放a-肾上腺素能受体1974Langera1a21988Bylund等a2亚型α2Aα2Bα2Cα2Dα2A介导镇静/催眠/镇痛/交感神经阻滞α2B介导血管收缩和抗寒战α2C介导学习和惊吓反应a2A??a2Aa2Aa2Aa2AAnxiolysisa2Ba2BXa2BXPhysiologyofa2Adrenoceptorsa2-ReceptorSubtypes与可乐定相比选择性高(a2:a11620:1200:1)半衰期短(t1/2a5:10mint1/2b2:8hrs)药理作用镇静镇痛(0.5μg/kg封顶)抗焦虑抗交感作用利尿无明显呼吸抑制器官保护特性(心肾脑)镇静作用机制作用于蓝斑细胞膜超极化降低蓝斑神经元的去极化速度–抗焦虑–镇静镇静催眠药作用机制不同拟GABA药物作用于下丘脑非自然睡眠a2激动剂作用于脑干自然非动眼睡眠唤醒系统功能存在自然睡眠的潜在优势避免睡眠剥夺认知功能障碍谵妄免疫功能异常有利于神经元复原与修整与丙泊酚镇静对比KasuyaY,etal.AnesthAnalg2009;109:1811–5KasuyaY,etal.AnesthAnalg2009;109:1811–5KasuyaY,etal.AnesthAnalg2009;109:1811–5KasuyaY,etal.AnesthAnalg2009;109:1811–5临床应用有创检查镇静区域阻滞镇静特殊人群和手术应用全麻诱导维持拔管重症机械通气患者镇静特殊人群困难气道处理纤支镜检查成瘾戒断术后谵妄术后谵妄的老年患者明显缩短老年患者术后谵妄的持续时间、减轻症状用法:负荷剂量0.5~1µg/kg以0.2~0.7μg·kg-1·h-1速度持续输注最大用药量不超过1.5μg·kg-1·h-1特别注意在大剂量用药过程中保持患者的呼吸道通畅、维持血流动力学平稳术中持续静脉输注可预防老年痴呆病人术后躁动副作用窦缓低血压苏醒延迟全麻苏醒持续输注半衰期(t1/2CS)随输注时间增加显著延长若持续输注10min,t1/2CS为4min若持续输注8h,t1/2CS为250min术中持续输注右美托咪定,手术结束前40min~1h停止给予右美托咪定,以免影响患者术终及时苏醒对胃肠道的影响BJA2011,106(4):522–7Fig1Plasmaconcentrationsofparacetamol[median(range)]in12healthymalevolunteersafteringestionof1gofparacetamoland10goflactuloseafteri.v.infusionsofsalineplacebo,DEXM,ormorphine.BJA2011,106(4):522–70.2g/kg/hofDEXMafteraloadingdoseof0.42g/kg对胃的排空没有影响DEXM对胃排空和胃肠活动的影响可能是剂量依赖性的MemisD,etal.EurJAnaesthesiol2006;23:700–4药物用法•负荷量0.5~1μg/kgiv10min•继而0.2-0.7μg/kg.hr•使用输注泵,不要推注!•10~15min起效•肝肾功能不全适当减量给药方法1、本品2ml稀释至50ml(即4μg/m)2、微量泵注个体化给药3、不应与血液或血浆同一管路4、与两性霉素B和地西泮不相容5、苏醒后给予右美托咪定镇静催眠药或麻醉性镇痛药换右美托咪定无需负荷剂量只需逐渐加量在产科麻醉中的应用PregnantSDratswerechronicallytreatedwithDEXM(0,5,10and20ug/kg)dailyfromgestationday7today19AnothergroupreceivedonlyasingleacutedoseofDEXM(20ug/kg)ongestationalday19Chronicadministrationof10and20u/kgofDEXMsignificantlyreducedthebodyweightandcrown-rumplengthofpupswhereasasingleacutedose(20ug/kg)didnotaffecttheseparametersTariqM,etal.BasicClinPharmacolToxicol.2008,103(2):180Noneofthepupsexhibitedanyexternalmalformationsorskeletalabnormalities.Allthepupsshowedanormalpostnatalweightgainduringthedevelopmentalphase.Nosignificantdifferenceswereobservedamonganyofthegroupswithrespecttobehaviouralperformancesofoffspringinbeambalance,gripstrengthandinclinedplanetestsaswellasmotoractivityTariqM,etal.BasicClinPharmacolToxicol.2008,103(2):180病例报道Cesareansectionandprimarypulmonaryhypertension:theroleofintravenousdexmedetomidineIntravenousdexmedetomidineasanadjunctforlaboranalgesiaandcesareandeliveryanesthesiainaparturientwithatetheredspinalcordDexmedetomidineforawakefiberopticintubationinaparturientwithspinalmuscularatrophytypeIIIforcesareandeliveryToyamaH,etal.IntJObstetAnesth.2009;18(3):262PalanisamyA,etal.IntJObstetAnesth.2009;18(3):258NeumannMM,etal.IntJObstetAnesth.2009;18(4):403对子宫平滑肌的影响离体实验表明,DEXM无论是对大鼠还是人的子宫平滑肌收缩均有一定的促进作用KaramanS,etal.AdvTher.2006,23(2):238SiaAT,etal.IntJObstetAnesth.2005;14(2):104
本文标题:右美托咪定临床应用
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