英汉互译4-amplification

1Unit4AmplificationAmplification,alsocalledaddition,meanssupplyingnecessarywordsinourtranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.Asamatterofprinciple,atranslatorisnotsupposedtoaddanymeaningorsubtractanymeaningfromtheoriginal.However,thisdoesnotmeanthatatranslatorshouldrefrainfromsupplyingnecessarywordstomakehis/herversionbothaccurateinmeaningandinkeepingwiththeidiomaticuseofthelanguagetobetranslatedinto.Infact,itispreciselyforthepurposeof“faithfulrepresentation”oftheauthorthatweoftenresortto“amplification”.I.AmplificationinEnglish-ChineseTranslation1.1.AddingWordsOmittedintheOriginal•Ifsogrand,whysopoor?Ifsopoor,whysogrand?“既然那么阔，干吗要叫穷？既然那么穷，干吗摆阔气？”•Mattercanbechangedintoenergy,andenergyintomatter.物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。•Thebestconductorhastheleastresistanceandthepoorestthegreatest.最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。•Intheevening,afterthebanquets,theconcertsandthetabletennisexhibitions,hewouldworkonthedraftingofthefinalcommuniqué.晚上在参加宴会﹑出席音乐会﹑观看兵乓球表演赛之后，他还得起草最后公报。1.2.AddingNecessaryConnectives•Heated,waterwillchangeintovapor.水如受热，就会汽化。•Howevercarefullyboilercasingsandsteampipesaresealed,someheatescapesandislost.不管锅炉壳与蒸汽管封闭得多么严密，还是有一部分热散失损耗掉。•Sinceairhasweight,itexertsforceonanyobjectimmersedinit.因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任何物体都会受到空气的作用力。1.3.AddingWordstoConveytheConceptofPlurality•Notethatthewords“velocity”and“speed”requireexplanation.请注意，“速度”和“速率”这两个词需要解释。(增数词）•Hestretchedhislegswhichwerescatteredwithscars.他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。（增量词）•Themountainsbegantothrowtheirlongblueshadowsoverthevalley.群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。（增量词）1.4.AddingWordstoIndicateDifferentTensesorSequences•InBeijing,therewasadivinescaleandahiggledy-piggledyscale.过去的北京既有一种神圣的规模，又有一种杂乱无章的格局。•Wewon'tretreat;weneverhaveandneverwill.我们不会后退，我们从未后退过，将来也绝不后退。•Ihadimaginedittobemerelyagestureofaffection,butitseemsitistosmellthelambandmakesurethatitisherown.我原本以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但是现在看来，这是为了嗅嗅羊羔的气味，以断定它是不是自己的孩子。1.5.AmplificationbyLogicalAnalysis•Airpressuredecreaseswithaltitude.气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。•Iwastaughtthattwosidesofatriangleweregreaterthanthethird.2我学过，三角形的两边之和大于第三边。•Thisshowsthattheresistanceofanelectricconductorisinverselyproportionaltoitscross-sectionarea.这表明，导体电阻的大小与导体横切面的大小成反比。1.6.AmplificationforPurposesofRhetoric(修辞)orCoherence(连贯)•Thisprinterisindeedcheapandfine.这部打印机真是价廉物美。•Icametoagardenofgrottoes,pavilionsandshapelyrocksandtrees.我来到一个假山花园前，园中亭阁玲珑，山石嶙峋，树木葱郁。•Ascientistconstantlytriedtodefeathishypotheses,histheoriesandhisconclusions.科学家经常设法推翻自己的假设，否定自己的理论，放弃自己的结论。1.7.AmplificationbyRepetition•Avoidusingthiscomputerinextremecold,heat,dustorhumidity.不要在过冷，过热，灰尘过重，湿度过大的情况下使用此电脑。•Ihadexperiencedoxygenand/orenginetrouble.我曾经遇到的情况，不是氧气设备出故障，就引擎出故障，或者两者都出故障。•TheworldhasneverseenanationasbigasChinariseasfarandasfastasChinahasinthepast20years.过去20年里，全世界从未见过哪个崛起的国家有中国这样大、崛起的速度有中国这样快、影响有中国这样广。1.8.Amplificationbysupplyingwordstomakeanabstractconceptclear▪Oxidationwillmakeironandsteelrusty.氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。▪Thelackofresistanceinverycoldmetalsmaybecomeusefulinelectroniccomputers.这种在甚低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能会对电子计算机很有用处。▪Afterallpreparationsweremade,theplanetookoff.一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就起飞了。II.AmplificationinChinese-EnglishTranslation2.1Addingnecessarypronouns▪大作收到，十分高兴。Iwasverygladtohavereceivedyourwriting.▪没有调查研究就没有发言权。Hewhomakesnoinvestigationandstudyhasnorighttospeak.▪交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。Beforehandinginyourtranslation,youhavetoreaditoverandoveragainandseeifthereisanythinginittobecorrectedorimproved.2.2Addingnecessaryarticles▪我们对问题要做全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。Wemustmakeacomprehensiveanalysisofaproblembeforeitcanbeproperlysolved.▪耳朵是用来听声音的器官，鼻子用来嗅气味，舌头用来尝滋味。Theearistheorganwhichisusedforhearing.Thenoseisusedforsmelling.Thetongueisusedfortasting.▪我们对问题要做全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。Wemustmakeacomprehensiveanalysisofaproblembeforeitcanbeproperlysolved./tohavetheproblemsettled.32.3Addingnecessaryconnectives▪老师在等我，我得走了。Theteacherisexpectingme,soImustbeoffnow.▪虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.▪留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。Solongasgreenhillsremain,therewillneverbeashortageoffirewood.2.4Addingnecessaryprepositions▪咱们校门口见吧。Let’smeetattheschoolgate.▪你是白天工作还是夜间工作？Doyouworkinthedaytimeoratnight?▪该地区已没什么城乡差别。Thereislittledifferencebetweentownandcountrysideinthisregion.2.5Addingnecessarybackgroundwords▪三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalZhugeLiangthemastermind.▪别班门弄斧。Don’ttrytoshowoffyourproficiencywiththeaxbeforeLuBanthemastercarpenter.▪这真是俗话说的：“旁观者清”。Itisjustastheproverbgoes,“Theonlookerseesmostofthegame.”ReflectionsandPracticeDiscussthefollowingquestions.1.Whatisthefunctionofamplification?Andwhyisitneededintranslation?2.Whatarethemajormeansemployedinamplification?3.DoyouthinktheapplicationofthetechniqueofamplificationinChinese-EnglishisjustthesameasinEnglish-Chinesetranslation?Whyorwhynot?4.Whatshouldatranslatordoinusingthetechniqueofamplificationinpracticaltranslation?PutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.请把这张表填一下，填完给我。2.吃饭防噎，走路防跌。3.送君千里，终有一别。4.一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。5.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。6.年满18岁的公民，都有选举权和被选举权。PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosoph