科技英语构词法20131120精讲

科技英语构词法1.heat-2.band3.stream4.bed5.power-6.space7.water-8.liquid-9.fire-10.netA.walkB.rockC.workD.stateE.widthF.retardedG.hungryH.resistantI.cooledJ.linedUsecompoundexpressionstoreplacetheitalicpartofthesentences.1)Whenpopulationdensitiesgetveryhigh,organismsoftenexhibitsymptomsofwhatiscalledshockcausedbystressordiseasesrelatedtostress.stressshock;stress-relateddiseases2)Theradiovalveswhichcontainedagasatverylowpressurewerereplacedlaterbythedevicesmadeofsemiconductorinsolidstate(calledtransistors)whichweremuchsmallerandhadalongerlifethangasvalves.solidstatesemiconductordevices3)Utilitycompaniesarefindingitcheaperandmoreenvironmentallysoundtofinancetheapplianceswhichcanmakeuseofenergyefficientlyratherthanbuildnewpowerplants.energy-efficientappliances4)Itisestimatedthatone-thirdtoone-halfoftheworld’scurrentcroplandsarelosingthesoilwhichformsthetoplayerofgroundfasterthanitisbeingreplaced.topsoil5)AfterthecollapseoftheRomanEmpire,therewaslittleprogressincommunicationsuntilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolution,theinventionoftheenginewhichispoweredbysteamandtherealizationofthepotentialitiesintheuseofiron.steamengine6)Withouttheorganismslivinginsoil,theearthwouldbecoveredwithsterilemineralparticlesfardifferentfromtherich,livingsoilecosystemsonwhichwedependformostofourfood.soilorganisms7)Whenplantcoverandsurfacelitterareremovedfromthelandbyagricultureorgrazing,windliftsloosesoilparticlesandsweepthemaway;thedustwhichisbornebywindissometimestransportedfromonecontinenttoanother.wind-bornedust•8)Forthereactionthattakesplaceintheformofachaintocontinueatasteadyrate,thenumberofneutronswhichcarryonthereactionmustbecontrolled.•thechainreaction9)Theshortagesofthewoodthatisusedasfuelcauselocalpeopletocutdowntheforeststhatstabilizemountainsoils.fuelwoodshortages•10)Thiskindofplasticcanbeusedtoimpregnatelaminatedpapersheetsfromwhichthesurfacesresistanttoheatandscratcharemade.•heat-andscratch-resistantsurfaces合成法——动词合成词构成例子合成动词n./adj./adv.+v.baby-sit,proof-read,ill-treat,mass-produce,overtake,upliftunderline,overthrow,overeat,undergo合成法——名词合成词构成例子合成名词1.n.+n.bedroom,sportsman,lifeboat,spaceship,network,weekday2.n.+v.-inghandwriting,sightseeing,sunbathing,weightlifting3.adj.+n.hardware,first-aid,midnight,nobleman,highway,blackboard4.v.-ing+n.living-room,writing-paper,swimming-pool,hiding-place5.v.+n.breakfast,crybaby,watchdog,pickpocket,birthcontrol6.n.+v.+-erbook-seller,film-maker,story-teller,peace-lover,housekeeper7.prep./adv.+n.underground,upside,overcoat,afternoon,income,byproduct8.其他newcomer,fisherman,editor-in-chief,sister-in-law,take-off1）合成名词数量最多，其中大多数由名词+名词构成：airconditioner空调机airraid空袭alarmclock闹钟armsrace军备竞赛assemblyline装配线baby-sitter看孩子的人bankaccount银行账户birthcontrol节制生育blooddonor献血者bloodpressure血压bookcase书柜bookmark书签braindrain人才流失burglaralarm防盗警报器busstop公共汽车站canopener开罐器carpark停车场contactlens隐形眼镜corporalpunishment体罚cottonwool药棉creditcard信用卡deathpenalty死刑estateagent地产经纪人fancydress(ball)化装舞会generationgap代沟greenhouseeffect温室效应healthcenter医疗中心heartattack心脏病发作heartfailure心力衰竭hirepurchase分期付款incometax所得税laborforce劳动力labormarket劳动市场letter-box信箱mailorder邮购定单mineralwater矿泉水mother-tongue母语nailvarnish指甲油newsbulletin新闻公报packageholiday一揽子度假计划2）也有不少合成名词由形容词+名词组成：centralbank中央银行civilrights公民权力compactdisc激光唱盘currentaffairs时事drycleaning干洗fastfood快餐first-aid急救Frenchfries炸薯条generalknowledge人所共知的事generalpublic公众highereducation高等教育highheels高跟（鞋）highjump跳高highschool中学humanbeing人humanrights人权industrialrelations劳资关系modernlanguages现代语言musicalinstrument乐器naturalhistory自然历史naturalresources自然资源nervousbreakdown神经失常oldage老年oldhand老手openair露天openletter公开信personalcomputer个人电脑polarbear白熊，北极熊publicsector公营部门remotecontrol遥控socialsecurity社会保险socialservices社会服务（事业）socialstudies社会研究socialwork(er)社会工作（3）有些合成词由动词的-ing形式和另一词构成，如：a.diningroom餐厅drawingpin图钉drivinglicense驾驶执照fryingpan煎锅sleepingbag睡袋parkingmeter停车计时器swimmingpool游泳池washingmachine洗衣机washingpowder洗衣粉writingpaper信纸b.air-conditioning空调centralheating集中供暖dataprocessing数据处理familyplanning计划生育foodpoisoning食物中毒sighting-seeing观光weightlifting举重window-shopping逛商店windsurfing风帆冲浪zebracrossing斑马线（人行横道）4）还有些合成名词以其他方式或三个词构成：by-product副产品comrade-in-arms战友cover-up掩盖事实fork-lifttruck叉车looker-on旁观者open-parent-family单亲家庭air-trafficcontrol空中交通管理do-it-yourself自己动手（手册）women’smovement妇女运动turnover营业额hocus-pocus愚弄手法jibbery-pockery骗局show-off爱卖弄的人passer-by路旁经过的人birdofprey猛禽bride-to-be准新郎bring-and-buysale慈善性义卖merry-go-round旋转木马pickpocket扒手break-water防波堤take-off起飞go-between中间人breakthrough突破get-together联欢会downfall垮台outbreak爆发well-being福利back-seatdriver指手画脚瞎指挥者good-for-nothing不中用的人touch-me-not凤仙花commander-in-chief总司令editor-in-chief总编•合成名词练习：pipemadeofsteel:Steelpipe铁管（表示由什么材料制成）steelwhichcontainscarbonmainly:carbonsteel碳钢（表示一种材料的典型成分）abilitytoresistrust:rustresistance防锈（表示动作对象）vaporofwater:watervapor水蒸气（表示所属关系）problemconcerningpollution:pollutionproblem污染问题（表示有关方面）合成法——形容词1合成构成例子合成形容词1.adj.+n.edmiddle-aged,cold-blooded,warm-hearted,red-haired2.n.+p.p.man-made,snow-covered,heart-broken3.n.+a.world-famous,self-confident,ice-col