写作教程第2版课件u9

EnglishWritingComparisonandcontrast•Thepurposeofcomparingandcontrastingistounderstandeitherofthetwothingsmoreclearlyand,attimes,tomakejudgmentsaboutthem.Inthisunit,wearegoingtostudyhowtowriteparagraphsofcomparisonandcontrast.•PleasereadSample1,andanswersomequestions:•1.Whatisthetopicoftheparagraph?•Thisparagraphisdevelopedaroundtheconceptsof“alongtime”heldbyAmericansandpeoplefromothercultures.•2.Now,completetheoutlineaccordingtotheorganizationofSample1:•A.Americans’conceptof“alongtime”:anythingfromfortyyearstofortyminutes,dependingonthecircumstances.•Examples:•(1)aproposalforanAmericanbusinessman•(2)“longterm”capitalgainfortheInternalRevenueService•(3)accidentreportbyamotorist•(4)forabusinessappointmentoradate•Attitudestopromptness:itisabindingobligation•B.Othercultures’conceptsof“alongtime”:notlimited•Examples:•(1)murderreportbyaTruckIslander•(2)envoy’swaitinginaLatinAmericanCity•(3)ritualdanceinPueblovillage•(4)SouthAsianconcept:onethousandyearsorevenforever•Summarizethepatternofcontrastintheparagraph.•YoumayhavenoticedthatthesampleparagraphdealswithwhatAmericansthink“alongtime”isbeforeitmovesontodiscusstheviewsheldbyothercultures.Thispatternoforganizationissubject-by-subjectorgroup-by-group.•Inthispattern,youdiscussthetwosubjectsseparately,thatistosay,youdiscussallofthecharacteristicsofsubdivisionsofthefirstsubjectinthefirsthalfandthenpresentallthecharacteristicsoftheotherinthesecondhalf.Theaspectsexaminedinthetwosubjectsshouldbethesameandinbothparts,youshouldfollowthesamelogicalorderforeachsubject.•NowreadSample2,andidentifythedifferentwritingpatternofcomparison&contrast:•Questions:•1.Whichtwosubjectsarecomparedinthisparagraph?Andonhowmanypointsarethesubjectscompared?•ThetwosubjectscomparedintheparagraphareAmericansandKoreans.•Therearethreepointsundercomparisonorcontrast:familystructure,rolerelationsandvalueorientations.•2.Doesthisparagraphstressthesimilaritiesordifferencesbetweenthetwosubjects?•Theparagraphstressesdifferencesratherthansimilaritiesbetweenthetwosubjects.•3.DoesitfollowthesamepatternasinSample1?Ifnot,whatarethedifferences?•No,ithasadifferentpattern.•Thewritershiftsbackandforthbetweenthetwosubjectsthroughouttheparagraph.•Discussingroupstheorganizationoftheparagraphandthenfillinthetablebelow.•Point1.familystructure:•SubjectA(Koreans):moreemphasisonmalerelativesandontheoldergeneration;extendedfamilies•SubjectB(Americans):lessemphasisonmalerelativesandontheoldergeneration;nuclearfamilies•Point2.rolerelations:•SubjectB(Americans):loveandfriendshipasthemainfamilyties•SubjectA(Koreans):lessemphasisonfeelingsaspermanenceistakenforgranted•Point3.valueorientations:•SubjectA(Koreans):filialdutyandrespect•SubjectB(Americans):goodnessandkindnessandfeaturesoflikabilityandsociability•Summarizethepatternofthesampleparagraph.•YoumayhavenoticedthedifferenceinorganizationbetweenSample1andSample2.Sample2followsapoint-by-pointpatternwherethewritercomparesandcontrastsbothsubjects–AmericansandKoreans—itemafteritem.•Insuchapattern,thewriterstructureshisparagrapharoundpointsofcomparisoninsteadofsubjects,movingbackandforthbetweenthesubjects.Thespecificsofbothsubjectsareplacedclosetogetherfordirectandimmediatecomparisonandcontrast,andtransitionsareoftenusedsoastoavoidabruptswitchingbetweenthetwosubjects.•Thepoint-by-pointpatternworksbestwithsubjectsthatcontainalotofpoints.Itcanbringintosharpfocusthesimilaritiesanddifferencesforthereadertoseeashereadsalong.Comparisonandcontrast•Thepurposeofcomparingandcontrastingistounderstandeitherofthetwothingsmoreclearlyand,attimes,tomakejudgmentsaboutthem.Inthisunit,wearegoingtostudyhowtowriteparagraphsofcomparisonandcontrast.LinkingDevices•Questions•1.Whattopicsdotheparagraphsmainlydealwith?•Bothparagraphsdealwiththesametopic:EgyptianandGreekmythology.•2.Whichparagraphiseasiertounderstand?•ParagraphBiseasiertounderstand.•3.Whatmakesthisparticularparagrapheasiertounderstand?•Becauseithascertainwordsandphrasesthathelpclarifytheideasintheparagraph.•WorkingroupsandfindoutthosewordsorphrasesthatindicateeithercomparisonorcontrastinparagraphB.•Contrastedwith•Whereas•Inoppositionto•Unlike•IndirectcontrasttoCanyouthinkoutexpressionindicatingcomparisonandcontrast?•Comparison:•Again•Also•Aswellas•Both•Both…and…•Incommon(with)•Inlikemanner•Inthesameway•Like•Likewise•Neither…nor•Similarly•TooContrast:•Although•Atthesametime•But•Bycontrast•Conversely•Forallthat•However•Incontrastto•Inoppositionto•Instead•Nevertheless•Onthecontrary•Ontheonehand…ontheotherhand•Otherwise•Still•Unlike•Whereas•While•yet•Summarizetheuseoflinkingdevicesinparagraphsofcomparisonandcontrast.••Mostprobably,youhavefoundthatParagraphBiseasiertounderstandthanParagraphA.Thoughtheideasinbothparagraphsareexactlythesame,thesecondseemsmoreeffectiveindrawingthecontrastbetweentheEgyptianideologicalworldandtheGreekone.•ThemainreasonisthatParagraphBusessomewordsandphrases(e.g.,whereas,inoppositionto,unlike,indirectcontrastto)toindicatecontrastandclarifytheshiftfromonesidetotheother.Thisshowsthatlinkingwordsandphrasesplayanimportan