定语及定语从句

III.定语从句：(一）关系词的确定与选择一看先行词（人/物）二看关系词在从句中的作用（主/谓/宾/表/定/状/补）三看特殊用法1．在下列情况下只用that，不用which①先行词是all,everything,nothing,anything,little,much,theone等不定代词时Thereisnothing(that)Icando.Imeantheonethatwasbroughtyesterday.②先行词被all,any,every,no,some,little,much等词修饰时Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.Youmaytakehomeanyofthesebooksthatyoulike.③.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时Thisisthefirstcomposition(that)hehaswritteninEnglish.Thisisthebestnovel(that)Ihaveeverread.④先行词被theonly,thevery(正是,恰是),thesame,thelast修饰时Thewhitefloweristheonlyone(that)Ireallylike.Thisistheverybook(that)Iwanttofind.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthehospital.⑤当先行词有两个或两个以上时,既有人又有物,定语从句用that引导(that既可指人也可指物)Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.2．下列情况不能使用that,而用which①that不能引导非限制性定语从句Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.②that不能置于介词之后（介词后指物用which,指人用whom）Theperson________IamspeakingjustnowisourEnglishteacher.Theprize________heworkedsohardwasanewbicycle.towhomforwhich3.as做关系代词的用法1．关系代词常出现在thesame…as,such…as,so…as,as…as等结构中ThisisnotsuchabookasIexpected.Iliveinthesamebuildingashe(livesin).Asmanychildrenascamehereweremyfather’spupils.★thesame…that…和thesame…as…的区别Ihaveboughtthesamewatchasyouhave.我买了一块和你一样的手表。（我的手表和你的手表很像，但不是同一块。）ThisisthesamewatchthatIlost.这就是我丢的那块手表。（这手表和我丢的手表是同一块）★such...,soniceaday…短语后缺少一个成分时，一般用as引导定语从句；so/such…that不缺少成分时，用that引导状语从句。It’ssoniceaday_________weallwanttohaveawalkalongtheriver.It’ssospecialaday_________I’llneverforgetallmylife.thatasHereissobigastone________nomancanlift.Thisissobigastone_______nomancanliftit.asthat4．as引导非限制性定语从句，指代逗号前的整个句子（即先行词），可置于句首或句末。Thiselephantislikeasnake,asanybodycansee.Marywaslateforschool,asoftenhappened.Asisknowntoall,theearthisround.★当as作主语时，后面常接下列句型：1．ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述2．asmaybeimagined正如可以想象出来的那样3．asiswellknown众所周知4．aswasexpected正如预料的那样5．ashasbeenalreadypointedout正如已经指出的那样6．asweallcansee正如我们都能看到的★as指代一句话和which指代一句话的用法区别当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；当两句语义不一致或从句为否定时，用which。Hemadealongspeech,________wasexpected.Hemadealongspeech,_________wasunexpected.Tomdrinksaloteveryday,_________hiswifedoesn’tlikeatall.aswhichwhich5.whose+n表示所属关系，可变为n+ofwhich/whom，★表示部分关系时，也可用部分关系词+ofwhich/whom.Thebuses,mostofwhichwerealreadyfull,weresurroundedbytheangrycrowd.6.关系副词when,where,why也相当于介词(on,in,at,for)+whichI’llneverforgettheyears____________weworkedtogether.I’llneverforgettheday_______________IjoinedtheParty.inwhich/whenonwhich/when（二）定语从句中的主谓一致引导词在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词人称和数要根据引导词所指内容而定。例如：1.Herearesuchsentencesas_______oftenusedbythestudents.2.I,who______aPartymember,shouldworkhardforourcountry.3.Hewasoneofthestudentswho________praisedforit.4.Hewastheonlyoneofthestudentswho________praisedforit.areamwerewas（三）易与定语从句混淆的其他复合句1．定语从句与同位语从句定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“……的（名词）”。而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。that在定语从句中作成分，可用which或who/whom代替；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。试比较：①Weallhaveheardthenews_________ourteamwon.②Wedon’tbelievethenews___________hetoldusyesterday.that(同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容，that在从句中不作任何成分)that/which(定语从句，that作told的宾语)2．定语从句与状语从句。试比较：①Heleftthekey___________hehadbeenanhourbefore.②Helefttheplace___________helivedformanyyears.③Heissuchagoodteacher____________allofusloveandrespect.where(where引导地点状语从句，相当于intheplacewhere)where(where引导定语从句，修饰theplace)as(as引导定语从句)①Heissuchagoodteacher_________wealllikehim.3．定语从句与主语从句。试比较：①___________isknowntousall,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.②___________isknowntousallthatpaperwasfirstmadeinChina.that(that引导结果状语从句,such…that…“如此…以致…”As(as引导定语从句，指代整个主句内容，可置于句首)It(it做形式主语，代替that引导的主语从句)4．定语从句与强调结构。试比较：①Itisthehouse__________Imettheyoungman.②Itwasinthehouse___________Imettheyoungman.where(where引导定语从句，修饰house，where在定语从句中作地点状语)that(本句为强调结构，可还原为Imettheyoungmaninthehouse.)1.Itistheyoungman_______lookedfor_______caughtthemurderer.A.that…whoB.that…theyC.they…thatDthey…which2.Isthisfactory_______wevisitedlastyear?A.whereBinwhichC.theoneDatwhich3.Thebook,thecover_______isbroken,isnotmine.A.ofitBforCwhoseDofwhich4.ThisisMrSmith,_____Ithinkhassomethinginterestingtotellyou.A.whoBwhomC.thatD.x5．Who_______hasseentheTVfilmdoesn’tadmireit?A.thatBwhoCwhichDas6．YoucanneverimaginewhatgreattroubleIhavehad________thepatientwhoreceivedaseriouswound.A.treatB.totreatCtreatingDtreated7.Thisisthelasttime_________Ishallgiveyoualesson.A.whenBthatCwhichDinwhich8.Idon’tliketheway________youlaughather.A.thatBonwhichCwhichDas9.____weallknow,swimmingisaverygoodsport.A.WhichB.ThatC.AsD.Who10.Ishallneverforgetthoseyears_____Ilivedinthefarm____youvisitedlastweek.A.when,whereB.which,whichC.when,whichD.which,where11.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostof____hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.A.theseB.theC.thatD.which12.Myglasses,____Iwaslikeablindman,felltothegroundandbroke.A.whichB.withwhichC.withoutwhichD.that13.Aharvesterisamachine____weharvestcropsoraperson____isharvesting.A.which,whoB.that,thatC.withwhich,whoD./,that14.Ihaveboughtthesamedress____sheiswearing.A.asB.thatC.whichD.what15.Chapin,_____moneywasnownoproblem,startanewfilmcompanywithhisfriends.A.whoseB.whichC.forwho