学术英语(医学)_Unit_8

学术英语医学AcademicEnglishforMedicineUnit8PrinciplesofBiomedicalEthicsDoctorsandbiomedicalresearchersmaketoughdecisionsthathavetobemorallyjustifiableeveryday.Biomedicalethicsprovidesmoralprinciplesandbehavioralguidelinesforthebiomedicalresearchandpracticeofmedicine.Itencompassesphilosophy,sociology,theology,andpracticalapplicationsinclinicalsettings.Unit8PrinciplesofBiomedicalEthicsUnitContentsLead-inTextATextBTextCListeningSpeakingWritingGetreadingforUnit9Lead-in•Issuestobecovered•TaskUnit8PrinciplesofBiomedicalEthicsLead-inIssuestobecovered•theboundariesbetweenmedicalresearchandpractice•themoralprinciplesandbehavioralguidelinesforthebiomedicalresearchandmedicalpractice•theethicaljustificationofdilemmasinmedicalpracticeUnit8PrinciplesofBiomedicalEthicsLead-inDifferencesbetweenmedicinefromotherbranchesofnaturalscienceMedicineOtherBranchesofScienceHealthastheultimategoalKnowledgeandtruthastheultimategoalMoralityandethicsaspriorityfactorsHonestyasaprimevirtueofscientistsAdoctorasateacher,counselor,friend,advocate,protector,andhealerallatthesametimeScientistasexplorerGooddoctors:empathetic,sympathetic,caring,patient,considerateGoodscientists:inquisitive,persistent,perseverant,creativeUnit8PrinciplesofBiomedicalEthicsLead-inCoretermstoknowinrelationtomedicalethics•Autonomy•Beneficence•Non-Maleficence•Euthanasia•Informedconsent•Confidentiality•EthicscommitteesUnit8PrinciplesofBiomedicalEthicsLead-inTask:Watchavideoclipandputdowntheissuesmentionedbythehost.Thensharewithapartneryourperspectivesabouttheseissues.IssuesmentionedYourperspectives1).life2).3).qualityoflife4).deathpatientrightsUnit8PrinciplesofBiomedicalEthicsTextA•Criticalreadingandthinking–Topicsforpresentation–Usefulexpressions–Difficultsentences•Languagebuilding-up–Signpostlanguage–Vocabularytest•SuggestedanswersUnit8PrinciplesofBiomedicalEthicsTextACriticalreadingandthinkingTopicsforpresentation1.Howareresearchandpracticerelatedtoeachother?(Pre.1)Blurreddistinction•Cooccurrenceofresearchandpracticelikeinresearchdesignedtoevaluateatherapy•Notabledeparturesfromstandardpracticeas“experimental”withtheterms“experimental”and“research”carelesslydefinedUnit8PrinciplesofBiomedicalEthicsTextACriticalreadingandthinkingTopicsforpresentation1.Howareresearchandpracticerelatedtoeachother?(Pre.1)Practice:•interventionssolelytoenhancethewell-beingofanindividualpatientorclientandthathaveareasonableexpectationofsuccess.•toprovidediagnosis,preventivetreatmentortherapytoparticularindividualsUnit8PrinciplesofBiomedicalEthicsTextACriticalreadingandthinkingTopicsforpresentation1.Howareresearchandpracticerelatedtoeachother?(Pre.1)Research:•anactivitytotesthypothesis,permitconclusionstobedrawn,andtherebytodeveloporcontributetogeneralizableknowledge•expressedintheories,principles,andstatementsofrelationshipsUnit8PrinciplesofBiomedicalEthicsTextAUsefulexpressions•Thedistinctionbetweenresearchandpracticeisblurredpartlybecause…andpartlybecausenotabledeparturesfrom…CriticalreadingandthinkingUnit8PrinciplesofBiomedicalEthics2.Whatistheprincipleofrespectforpersons?(Pre.2)(InDiagramP194)TopicsforpresentationTextACriticalreadingandthinkingBasicEthicalPrinciplesprincipleofrespectofpersons________________________principleofjusticeAdilemma:involvementofprisonersassubjectsofresearchRequirement1:acknowledgementofautonomyRequirement2:protectionofpersonswithdiminishedautonomyRule1:________________________Rule2:maximizationofpossiblebenefitsandminimizationofpossibleharmsConception1:unjustifiabledenialofbenefitorundulyimpositionofburdenConception2:_____________________________________________anequalshareaccordingto________________accordingto________________accordingtosocietalcontributionaccordingtomeritUnit8PrinciplesofBiomedicalEthicsTextACriticalreadingandthinkingTopicsforpresentation2.Whatistheprincipleofrespectforpersons?(Pre.2)(InDiagramP194)(Intext)TwoEthicalConvictions&TwoMoralRequirements•Autonomy:Individualstreatedasautonomousagents-Voluntaryinvolvementintheresearch-Adequateinformation•Protection:PersonswithdiminishedautonomyentitledtoprotectionUnit8PrinciplesofBiomedicalEthicsTextACriticalreadingandthinkingTopicsforpresentation2.Whatistheprincipleofrespectforpersons?(Pre.2)(InDiagramP194)(Intext)TwoEthicalConvictions&TwoMoralRequirements•AnInstructiveExample:prisonersinvolvedinresearch-Notbedeprivedoftheopportunitytovolunteerforresearch-BesubtlycoercedorundulyinfluencedtoengageinresearchactivitiesforwhichtheywouldnototherwisevolunteerUnit8PrinciplesofBiomedicalEthicsTextAUsefulexpressions•betreatedasautonomousagents•personswithdiminishedautonomyareentitledtoprotection•Aprovidesaninstructiveexample•prisonersnotbedeprivedoftheopportunitytovolunteerforresearch•forwhichtheywouldnototherwisevolunteerCriticalreadingandthinkingUnit8PrinciplesofBiomedicalEthicsTextATopicsforpresentation3Whatistheprincipleofbeneficence?(Pre.3)(InDiagramP194)CriticalreadingandthinkingBasicEthicalPrinciplesprincipleofrespectofpersonsprincipleofbeneficenceprincipleofjusticeAdilemma:involvementofprisonersassubjectsof