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•Phonetics•Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage.•Phoneticsisthesciencethatstudiessounds,especiallyspeechsounds(LinZheng).•Phoneticsisabranchoflinguisticsthatcomprisesthestudyofthesoundsofhumanspeech.(wikipedia)•Articulatoryphonetics:howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds•Acousticphonetics:studiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.•Auditoryphonetics:howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.Auditoryphonetics•Doesvisualinformationinfluencehowweperceiveasound?McGurkeffect•TheMcGurkeffectisaperceptualphenomenonthatdemonstratesaninteractionbetweenhearingandvisioninspeechperception.Theillusionoccurswhentheauditorycomponentofonesoundispairedwiththevisualcomponentofanothersound,leadingtotheperceptionofathirdsound.[1]Thevisualinformationapersongetsfromseeingapersonspeakchangesthewaytheyhearthesound.RelatedPhenomena•Talksoverphonesarelessintelligible.•CarsickArticulatoryphonetics•Howdoweproducesounds?SpeakingWhenyouspeakorsing,airfromyourlungsisforcedoverthevocalcordscausingthemtovibrate.Inturn,thismakestheairinyourthroatandmouthvibrateatthesamerate.Musclesinthethroatstretchthevocalcordstightertomakehighsoundsandrelaxthemtomakedeepertones.Womengenerallyhavehighervoicesthanmenbecausetheirvocalcordsareshorter.Thebasicsoundfromthevocalcordscanbealteredagreatdealthroughmovementsofthemouth,tongue,andlips.Inthisway,wecanproduceallofthemanyvariationsoffoundinhumanlanguages.ArticulatorsArticulators•Pharyngealcavity----thethroat•Oralcavity----themouth•Nasalcavity----thenoseTranscription•WhydidKensetthesoggynetontopofhisdeck.•Ihaveputbloodonhertwocleanyellowshoes.•Whatisdifferencebetweenvowelsandconsonants?Vowels•Vowelsaremodificationsofthevoice-soundthatinvolvenoclosure,friction,orcontactofthetongueorlips.(Bloomfield)•Avowelisdefinedasavoicedsoundinformingwhichtheairissuesinacontinuousstreamthroughthepharynxandmouth,therebeingnoaudiblefriction.(Jones)•Vowelsaresoundsarticulatedwithoutacompleteclosureinthemouthoradegreeofnarrowingwhichwouldproduceaudiblefriction;theairescapesevenlyoverthecentreofthetongue.(Crystal)•Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.•Vowelsaresoundsarticulatedwithoutacompleteclosureinthemouthoradegreeofnarrowingwhichwouldproduceaudiblefriction;theairescapesevenlyoverthecentreofthetongue.•Consonantsaresoundsmadebyaclosureornarrowinginthevocaltractsothatairflowiseithercompletelyblocked,orsorestrictedthataudiblefrictionisproduced.Vowel•Howdoweproducedifferentvowels?Englishvowels•ThedescriptionofEnglishvowelsneedstofulfillfourbasicrequirements:–thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back);–theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low)/theopennessofthemouth(close,semi-close,semi-open,open);–lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded),and–thelengthortensenessofthevowel(tensevs.laxorlongvs.short).–(*)thepositionofthesoftpalate-raisedfororalvowelsandloweredfornasalizedvowels–~acadtech/phonetics/#•WecannowdescribetheEnglishvowelsinthisway:–high(close)fronttenseunroundedvowel–high(close)backlaxroundedvowel–midcentrallaxunroundedvowel–low(open)backlaxroundedvowelroundedvowelslaxvowelsVowellength•Fee•Feet•Feed•Languagesalsofrequentlymakeuseofadistinctionbetweenvowelswherethequalityremainsconstantthroughoutthearticulationandthosewherethereisanaudiblechangeofquality.–Theformerareknownaspureormonophthongvowelsandthelatter,vowelglides.•Ifasinglemovementofthetongueisinvolved,theglidesarecalleddiphthongs.–diphthongsdiphthongstriphthong•Adoublemovementproducesatriphthong,whichis‘aglidefromonevoweltoanotherandthentoathird,allproducedrapidlyandwithoutinterruption’.–Theyarereallydiphthongsfollowedbytheschwa[ə],foundinEnglishwordslikewire[waɪə]andtower[taʊə].Consonant•Howdoweproducedifferentconsonants?Classifyingcriteria•Mannerofarticulation•Placeofarticulation•VoicingMannerofarticulation•Nasals(鼻音):airallowedtopassthenose,[m][n]•Stops(plosive)(塞音):airstreamfirstobstructedandthenreleased,[p][b],[t][d],and[k][g]•Fricatives(擦音):partialobstructionandlocalfriction,•Affricates(塞擦音):firstcompleteobstruction,thenfricationwithpartialobstruction,•Liquids(流音):airflowisobstructedbutallowedtoescapebetweenthetongueandtheroofofthemouth,[l][r]•Glides(滑音):verynarrowpassagebetweenthelipsandcausingslightnoisefromthelocalobstruction,[w][j]Open………………………closePlaceofarticulation•Bilabial(双唇音):lipsbroughttogethertocauseobstruction,[p][b][m][w]•Labiodental(唇齿音):thelowerlipisbroughtintocontactwiththeupperteeth,[f][v]•Dental(齿音):betweenthetipofthetongueandtheupperteeth,•alveolar(齿龈音):thetipofthetongueisbroughtintocontactwiththeupperteeth-ridge,[t][d][s][z][n][l][r]•Palatal(上腭音):obstructionbetweenthebackofthetongueandthehardpalate,•Velar(软腭音):backoftonguebroughtintocontactwiththesoftpalate,[k][g]•glottal(喉音):vocalcordsarebroughtmomentarilytogethertocreatetheobstruction,[h]•TheconsonantsofEnglishcanbedescribedinthefollowingmanner:–[p]voicelessbilabialstop–[b]voicedbilabialstop–[s]voicelessalveol
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