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PART2BIOCHEMICALPHARMACEUTICALS生化制药Unit6IsolationofCaffeinefromTea从茶叶中分离咖啡因Inthisexperiment,Caffeinewillbeisolatedfromtealeaves.在这个实验中,咖啡因会从茶叶中分离出来。Themajorproblemoftheisolationisthatcaffeinedoesnotoccuraloneintealeaves,butisaccompaniedbyothernaturalsubstancesfromwhichitmustbeseparated.分离过程中的主要问题就是,茶叶中不仅仅只有咖啡因,还伴随着需要被分离除去的其他天然物质。Themajorcomponentoftealeavesiscellulose,whichisthemajorstructuralmaterialofallplantcells.茶叶中的主要成分是所有植物细胞中的主要结构材料——纤维素。Celluloseisapolymerofglucose.纤维素是葡萄糖的聚合物。Sincecelluloseisvirtuallyinsolubleinwater,itpresentsnoproblemsintheisolationprocedure.然而纤维素实际上是不溶于水的,所以在隔离的程序上不用考虑去除纤维素。Caffeine,ontheotherhand,iswatersolubleandisoneofthemajorsubstancesextractedintothesolutioncalledtea”.另一方面,咖啡因是水溶性的,也是萃取到溶液(也就是茶)里的主要物质之一。Caffeinecomprisesasmuchas5percentbyweightoftheleafmaterialinteaplants.咖啡因包含了茶树叶片材料总重的5%之多。Tanninsalsodissolveinthehotwaterusedtoextracttealeaves.丹宁(鞣酸)也溶解于用于萃取茶叶的热水中。Thetermtannindoesnotrefertoasinglehomogeneouscompound,oreventosubstanceswhichhavesimilarchemicalstructure.丹宁一词不是指单个均一的化合物,也不是具有相似化学结构的物质。Itreferstoaclassofcompoundswhichhavecertainpropertiesincommon.它是指某些具有共同属性的化合物的种类。Tanninsarephenoliccompoundshavingmolecularweightsbetween500and3000.丹宁是一类分子质量在500到3000的含酚的化合物。Theyarewidelyusedtotan”leather.它们被广泛用于鞣革。Theyprecipitatealkaloidsandproteinsfromaqueoussolutions.它们从水溶液中沉淀出生物碱和蛋白质Tanninsareusuallydividedintotwoclasses:thosewhichcanbehydrolyzedandthosewhichcannot.丹宁通常被分为两类:可水解和不可水解。Tanninsofthefirsttypewhicharefoundinteagenerallyyieldglucoseandgallicacidwhentheyarehydrolyzed.在茶中,第一类丹宁水解后通常产生葡萄糖和五倍子酸。Thesetanninsareestersofgallicacidandglucose.这些丹宁是五倍子酸和葡萄糖的酯类。Theyrepresentstructuresinwhichsomeofthehydroxylgroupsinglucosehavebeenesterifiedbydigalloylgroups.它们代表着葡萄糖中的一些羟基被酯化为鞣酰基的结构。Thenon-hydrolyzabletanninsfoundinteaarecondensationpolymersofcatechin.茶中的不可水解的丹宁是儿茶酚的缩合聚合物。Thesepolymersarenotuniforminstructure,butcatechinmoleculesareusuallylinkedtogetheratringpositions4and8.这些聚合物在结构上是不一致的,但儿茶酚分子通常在环的4号和8号位是相连的。Whentanninsareextractedintohotwater,thehydrolyzableonesarepartiallyhydrolyzed,meaningthatfreegallicacidisalsofoundintea.当丹宁被萃取到热水中,可水解的部分水解掉了,意味着茶中还有多余的五倍子酸。Thetannins,byvirtueoftheirphenolicgroups,andgallicacidbyvirtueofitscarboxylgroups,arebothacidic.由于丹宁中含有酚,五倍子酸中含有羧基,所以它们都是酸性的。Ifcalciumcarbonate,abase,isaddedtoteawater,thecalciumsaltsoftheseacidsareformed.如果茶水中加入碳酸钙,这些酸的钙盐就会形成。Caffeinecanbeextractedfromthebasicteasolutionwithchloroform,butthecalciumsaltsofgallicacidandthetanninsarenotchloroformsolubleandremainbehindintheaqueoussolution.咖啡因可以被茶的氯仿溶液萃取,但五倍子酸和丹宁的钙盐是不溶于氯仿的,所以它们会留在水溶液中。Thebrowncolorofateasolutionisduetoflavonoidpigmentsandchlorophylls,aswellastheirrespectiveoxidationproducts.茶水呈现出褐色是由于黄酮类色素和叶绿素,以及它们各自的氧化物。Althoughchlorophyllsaresomewhatchloroformsoluble,mostoftheothersubstancesinteaarenot.虽然叶绿素是微溶于氯仿的,但茶叶中的其他大多数物质不是如此。Thus,thechloroformextractionofthebasicteasolutionremovesnearlypurecaffeine.因此,碱性茶水的氯仿提取去除了几乎无杂质的咖啡因。Thechloroformiseasilyremovedbydistillation(by61'C)toleavethecrudecaffeine.氯仿在61℃蒸馏中易被去除,从而分离出咖啡因的粗产物。Thecaffeinemaybepurifiedbyrecrystallizationorbysublimation.咖啡因可以通过结晶或升华来纯化。Inasecondpartofthisexperiment,Caffeinewillbeconvertedtoaderivative.本次实验的第二个部分,咖啡因会被转化为衍生物。Aderivativeofacompoundisasecondcompound,ofknownmeltingpoint,formedfromtheoriginalcompoundbyasimplechemicalreaction.一个化合物的衍生物是一个已知熔点的第二化合物,是由原来的化合物通过简单化学反应生成的。Intryingtomakeapositiveidentificationofanorganiccompound,itisoftencustomarytoconvertitintoaderivative.为了试图鉴定原始化合物,我们通常习惯将它转化成衍生物。Ifthefirstcompound,Caffeineinthiscase,anditsderivativebothhavemeltingpointswhichmatchthosereportedinthechemicalliterature(e.g.,ahandbook),itisassumedthatthereisnocoincidenceandthattheidentityofthefirstcompound,Caffeine,hasbeendefinitelyestablished.如果第一化合物(在这也就是指咖啡因)以及它的衍生物的熔点都与化学文献上所记载的相匹配,那么就可以推测第一化合物就是咖啡因无疑。Caffeineisabaseandwillreactwithanacidtogiveasalt.咖啡因是碱,可以和酸反应生成盐。Usingsalicylicacid,aderivativesaltofCaffeine,Caffeinesalicylate,willbemadeinordertoestablishtheidentityoftheCaffeineisolatedfromtealeaves.和水杨酸反应就能生成咖啡因的一种衍生物盐,叫做水杨酸咖啡因。它可以用来鉴定茶叶中分离出的咖啡因。SpecialInstructions特别注意Becarefulwhenhandlingchloroform.要小心处理氯仿。Itisatoxicsolvent,andyoushouldnotbreatheitexcessivelyorspillitonyourself.它是一种有毒溶剂,应防止过度吸入以及洒在身上。Whendiscardingspenttealeaves,donotputtheminthesinkbecausetheywillclogthedrain.丢弃茶叶时,不应将它们扔在水槽,因为它们会堵塞排水管。Disposeoftheminawastecontainer.应该将它们扔入垃圾桶。Procedure程序Place25gofdrytealeaves,25gofcalciumcarbonatepowder,and250mlofwaterina500mlthreeneckroundbottomflaskequippedwithacondenserforreflux.将25克干燥茶叶、25克碳酸钙粉末和250毫升水混入一个装有回流冷凝管的500毫升三口圆底烧瓶。Stoppertheunusedopeningsintheflaskandheatthemixtureunderrefluxforabout20minutes.将烧瓶中未使用的开口塞住,加热混合物,回流20分钟。UseaBunsenburnertoheat.用本生灯加热。Whilethesolutionisstillhot,filteritbygravitythroughaflutedfilterusingafastfilterpapersuchasE&DNo.617orS&SNo.595.用快速过滤纸如E&DNo.617或S&SNo.595,通过凹槽过滤器,趁热过滤。Youmayneedtochangethefilterpaperifitclogs.如果堵住了就需要换一种滤纸。Coolthefiltrate(filteredliquid)toroomtemperatureand,usingaseparatoryfunnel,extractittwicewith25mlportionsofchloroform.待滤液降至
本文标题:制药工程专业英语 第6单元 逐句详解
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