英文文法的基本概念-英文的八大词类

1英文文法的基本概念－英文的八大詞類英文單字依其在句中的作用可分為八大詞類－名詞、代名詞、形容詞、動詞、副詞、介系詞、連接詞、感嘆詞等。一、名詞Noun(n)：表示人、地、事、物等名稱的字。1.名詞的種類及特點：名詞的種類特點可數名詞CountableNouns1.普通名詞CommonNoun如boy,desk,country2.集合名詞CollectiveNoun如family,people,class1.單數名詞：(只有一個)a/an+Nthe+N2.複數名詞：(二個或以上)N+s/N+es不可數名詞UncountableNouns3.專有名詞ProperNoun如China,Taiwan,John4.物質名詞MaterialNoun如water,air,iron5.抽象名詞AbstractNoun如health,happiness,honesty1.無複數2.不加a/an等等3.指特定事物，則須加the＊冠詞：不定冠詞a+單數(子音字首)(一…)an+(單數母音字首)(一…)定冠詞the+單數名詞(這,那)Mybrotherisastudent.Sheeatsanappleeveryday.Iboughtadozeneggsinthemarket.Thereare5familiesinthisapartment.Myfamilyareallwell.Myfamilyisalargeone.Taiwanisanisland.Ineedsomewater.Thewaterinthebottleisclean.Healthismoreimportantthanwealth.22.複數名詞的形成：形成單數複數例字規則變化1.+sbooks,pens2.字尾s、x、ch、sh、z+esbuses,boxes,watches,brushes,sexes例外stomachs3.子音+o+esheroes,potatoes例外pianos,photos4.子音+y去y+iesbaby→babies,city→cities5.字尾f、fe去f、fe+vesleaf→leaves,life→lives例外roofs,chiefs,beliefs,handkerchiefs不規則變化manwomanmenwomen例外Roman→RomansGerman→Germansfoottoothgoosefeetteethgeese規則變化book→bookscook→cookspool→poolsmousemiceoxchildoxenchildrendeerdishsheepChinesedeerfishsheepChinesefishes多種魚3.名詞的用法：用法例句1.當作主詞Johnhasabicycle.2.稱謂Comehere,John.3.主詞同位語Mr.Lin,ourEnglishteacher,isverykind.4.當作受詞a.動詞的受詞b.介系詞的受詞MarylikesJohn.Sheisfondofmusic.5.受詞同位語WelikeMr.Chang,ournewteacher.6.當作補語a.主詞補語b.受詞補語Johnisagoodboy.WecalltheboyGeorge.34.名詞的格：種類用法例句主格1.當作主詞Maryisagirl.2.當作主詞補語ThegirlisMary.所有格所有格當形容詞用，修飾名詞1.abird’snest2.aboys’school受格1.當作動詞的受詞JohnlikesMary.2.當作介系詞的受詞Sheisfondofmusic.5.名詞所有格的形成：(1)有生命的所有格：種類用法例句1.單數_____’sHelen’sdoctoradog’stailtheteacher’sdress2.複數1._____s’ladies’hatsagirls’school2._____’s(複數名詞字尾沒有s時)women’sclubschildren’stoysmen’sroom3.複合字最後一字+﹝’s﹞myfather-in-law’scarsomebodyelse’spen4.以and連接兩個名詞1.共同所有：最後一個名詞加﹝’s﹞HelenandMary’sschool2.個別所有：各加﹝’s﹞Helen’sandMary’sschool(2)無生命的所有格：a.無生命的所有格：句型the+所有物+of+the/that/my…+所有者例句1.thedoorofthisclassroom2.theleavesofthattree3.thenameofourschool4b.表示價格、距離、時間、重量的名詞+﹝__’s﹞或﹝__s’﹞：用法例字1.擬人化Nature’slaw自然律Heaven’swill天意theearth’ssurface2.時間today’snewspaperthirtyminutes’walk3.距離twentymiles’journey4.重量threepounds’weight5.價格tendollars’worthofsugar6.慣用語toone’sheart’scontent心滿意足atone’swit’send智窮才竭；不知所措(3)所有格後面名詞的省略：用法例句1.避免重複1.ThistruckisJohn’s(truck).2.Tom’s(family)isalargefamily.2.後面遇有store,shop,house,hospital,church1.Heisstayingathisuncle’s(house).2.Iamgoingtothebarber’s(shop).(4)雙重所有格：句型｛a,an,this,that,these,those,｝+名詞＋of+｛所有代名詞｝｛some,any,no,many,｝｛名詞所有格｝例句1.Imetafriendofmine.(mine=myfriends)2.Thatwatchofhishasbeenstolen.(his=hiswatches)3.Imetafriendofmybrother’s.(mybrother’s=mybrother’sfriends)4.Manyclothesofmyaunt’swereboughtinParis.(myaunt’s=myaunt’sclothes)(5)與名詞有關的句型：51.句型of+no+抽象名詞=not+形容詞(沒有~)例句Hissuggestionwasofnouse.=Hissuggestionwasnotuseful.2.句型of+抽象名詞=形容詞例句Heisamanoflearning.=Heisalearnedman.3.句型of+great+抽象名詞=very+形容詞例句Thebookisofgreatuse.=Thebookisveryuseful.4.句型all+抽象名詞=very+形容詞抽象名詞+itself=very+形容詞例句Sheisallbeauty.=Sheisverybeautiful.Sheisbeautyitself.=Sheisverybeautiful.5.句型with(in,by,on…)+抽象名詞=副詞例句Youdoeverythingwithcare.=Youdoeverythingcarefully.二、代名詞Pronoun(pron.)：代替名詞的字種類1.人稱代名詞PersonalPronoun1.人稱代名詞PersonalPronoun如I,you,he等2.所有代名詞PossessivePronoun如mine,yours,等3.複合人稱代名詞/反身代名詞CompoundPersonalPronoun如myself,yourself,himself等2.指示代名詞DemonstrativePronoun如this,that,these,those等3.不定代名詞IndefinitePronoun如one,some,all等4.疑問代名詞InterrogativePronoun如who,what等5.關係代名詞RelativePronoun如who,which,that,what等1.人稱代名詞(1)人稱代名詞6格人稱單數複數主格所有格受格主格所有格受格第一人稱(說話者)Imymeweourus第二人稱(聽話者)youyouryouyouyouryou第三人稱(被談論者)hehishimtheytheirthemsheherherititsit人稱代名詞的用法例句1.主格1.作主詞2.作主詞補語Ihaveadog.Whoarethey?Itishe.Heistallerthanshe.2.所有格所有格＋受詞所有格當形容詞用Thisismypencil.Thankyouforyourcoming.3.受格1.作受詞a.及物動詞＋受詞b.介系詞＋受詞2.作受詞補語Iknowhim.Heisafraidofme.HetookJohntobeme.it的用法例句1.代替前面提過的名詞A：Whereistheblackhat?B：Itisinthelivingroom?2.指時間、天氣、距離1.Whattimeisit?2.Itishottoday,isn’tit?3.Howfarisittothestation?3.做形式上的主詞或受詞1.Itiswrongtotellalie.2.Ithinkitbettertodoso.Itis+加強部分+that+句子其餘部分1.ItisIthatloveyou.(Iloveyou.)2.Itismethatheloves.(Helovesme.)含it的慣用語1.makeit﹛arule﹜toV1..習慣於…﹛acustom﹜2.makeitpossibletoV1使…成為可能3.takeitforgrantedthat...視..為理所當然7(2)所有代名詞人稱單數複數所有格所有代名詞所有格所有代名詞第一人稱mymine=my+名詞ourours=our+名詞第二人稱youryours=your+名詞youryours=your+名詞第三人稱hishis=his+名詞theirtheirs=their+名詞herhers=her+名詞itsits=its+名詞所有代名詞的用法例句1.避免重複Thishatismine.Whereisyours?(mine=myhat；yours=yourhat)2.雙重所有1.Afriendofminewillcometoseeme.(mine=myfriends)2.Ilikethosebooksofhis.(his=hisbooks)3.避免作異類的比較Hishouseislargerthanmine.(mine=myhouse)(3)反身代名詞人稱單數複數主格/受格所有格/所有代名詞主格/受格所有格/所有代名詞第一人稱myselfmyownourselvesourown第二人稱yourselfyourownyourselvesyourown第三人稱himselfhisownthemselvestheirownherselfherownitselfitsown反身代名詞的用法例句1.反身用法1.Youmusttakecareofyourself.2.Heoftentalkstohimself.2.加強語氣1.Imyselfdidit.2.Thethingitselfisnotsoimportant.3.所有格的用法1.Ihavemyownhouse.2.Ihaveahouseofmyown.8反身代名詞的慣用語慣用語1.byoneself(獨自)2.foroneself(獨力；為自己)3.ofoneself(自行)4.besideoneself(發狂)5.enjoyoneself(玩得很開心)6.seatoneself(坐下)=sitdown7.absentoneselffrom(缺席)=b