名词

•名词名词的概念：是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词。根据词汇意义，名词分为：专有名词和普通名词。概念：是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称。•地点：Beijing、China•时间：Friday、July•节日：Christmas•书名、电影…1）个体名词book、computer、tree2）集体名词family，class,audience,crew,staff3）物质名词air,water,sunshine4）抽象名词happiness、work、trouble总结1.不可数名词•它一般没有复数形式，只有单数形式，它的前面不能用不定冠词a/an。•抽象名词，物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。如milk(牛奶),bread(面包),coffee(咖啡)等。2.可数名词因此它有复数形式。如cup(杯子)，cat(猫)等。可数名词的复数变法情况加法例词一般情况以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词以辅音＋y结尾的词以辅音+o结尾的词以f或fe结尾的词加-s加-es去y加-ies多数加s把f/fe改成vesbrothers,schoolsbuses;watches;dishesladies;countriesheroes;tomatoeshalves;leaves特别注意：以o结尾的词：加s:photo,radio,piano,zoo,studio,bamboo,tobacco（烟草）加es:tomato,potato,hero,Negro(黑人)另：zero（zeros或zeroes）口诀:黑人英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆以f或fe结尾的词:直接加s：roof,proof,belief,chief,gulf,口诀:海湾边，屋顶上，首领奴仆两相忘，谁说他们没信仰，证据写在手帕上变f为v再加es：life,wife,knife,half,leaf,wolf,thief另外：handkerchief（handkerchiefs或handkerchieves）beef（beeves菜牛、beefs怨言；牢骚）不规则名词单复数变化:（1）单复数同形:sheep,deer,fish,means,species,works(工厂),aircraft,spacecraft,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss“中、日、瑞”友好是一致；（2）改变字母：man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,foot--feet,tooth--teeth,goose--geese,mouse--mice,phenomenon--phenomena另：penny（pence或pennies）（3）增加字母:child--children,ox–oxen口诀：男人女人a变e，鹅足牙oo变ee；老鼠虱婆也好记，ous变ic；孩子加上ren，鱼鹿绵羊不用变给出下列名词的复数形式policemanchildmousetoothfootpotatoheroleafshelfrooflifebabymonkeybranchthiefmosquitopolicemenchildrenmiceteethfeetpotatoesheroesleavesshelvesroofslivesbabiesmonkeysbranchesthievesmosquitoes/swatchladyfoxflybrushtomatoinchhalfkilopianocalfpasser-bygo-betweengrown-upgirlfriendsister-in-lawmanservantlooker-onwatchesladiesfoxesfliesbrushestomatoesincheshalveskilospianoscalvespassers-bygo-betweensgrown-upsgirlfriendssisters-in-lawmenservantslookers-onA名词只能用复数形式的短语：•doexercises（做操,做练习）•takenotes(做笔记）•taketurns（轮流）•makerepairs（搞修理）•changetrains（改换火车）•makefriendswith（交朋友）•shakehandswith(握手）•asfollows（如下）•inrags（衣衫褴褛）•indozens（成打的）B有些名词单复数形式含义特别常见woodsworkswatersclothescustomsmannerssandsspiritsfeelingsgoodspaperssurroundingsgamesforcestimeslooksarmsconditionsinstructions（森林)（工厂）(水域)(衣服)(海关)(礼貌)(沙滩)(精神,烈酒)(感情)(货物)(报纸,文件)(环境)(运动会)(军队)(时代)(外表)(武器)(形式,情况)(说明)不可数名词的”数”1.抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事如：抽象名词（不可数）具体化（个体名词，可数名词）insurprise惊讶地asurprise一件令人惊讶的事winsuccess获得成功asuccess一个(件)成功的人(事)winhonor赢得荣誉anhonor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)Failure(失败)isthemotherofsuccess.afailure失败者byexperience靠经验anexperience一次经历youth青春ayouth一个青年人havepityonsb.怜悯某人apity可惜的事情withpleasure乐意apleasure乐事2.抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：1）AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.2）Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim,bath,talk)withme?3）Itisawasteoftimereadingsuchanovel.3.物质名词有前置定语修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。havebreakfasthaveawonderfulbreakfastTheroadiscoveredwithsnow.Theyhaveaheavysnoweveryyear.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.Wehadawonderfultimelastnight.常见的不可数名词progressadvicefuninformationfurnitureworkbaggageluggagenewsjewelryweatherpaper(纸张)equipmenttroubleknowledgehomework一:’s型用法（有生命的所有格）１．有生命的所有格李平的自行车汤姆的作品TomandMary’sfatherTom’sandMary’sfathers2.表某人家，店铺名称，常省去所有格后的名词．atGreen’s,atmyuncle’satthetailor’sLiping’sbikeTom’sworks共有各有３.表示时间，距离，集体，城市，国家，团体，机构等．today’snewspapertenminutes’walkthestation’swaitingroom4.somebody,someone,who+else所有格加在else后．如果这字典不是你的，会是谁的？Ifthisdictionaryisn’tyours,whoelse’scanitbe?二：of型１.of型（无生命名词所有格）我们学校的学生房间的窗户thestudentsofourschoolthewindowoftheroom2.双重属格：既有～’s的属格，又有of～的属格。通常～’s属格表示所有关系，of属格表示部分与整体的关系。如:afriendofmyfather’s;abookofTom’s3.表示“某人自己的”的属格:用ofone’sown表示，不可用of＋反身代词。例如：Thisisthehouseofmyown.