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定语从句定义丁福平•从句定义•定语从句就是用来修饰名词或代词的句子,起到定语的作用,所以叫做定语从句。被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况,它需要放在被修饰的词(即先行词)之后。定语从句一般由关系代词来引导。关系代词必须放在定语从句之首。•先行词•指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词。一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。•关系词常有2个作用:•①连接作用,引导定语从句。②代替先行词,在定语从句中担当一个成分。Themanwhoistalkingtoyouismynewteacher.先行词关系词定语从句•关系代词•关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。•1、who,whom,that•限定性定语从句中的关系代词•作主语作宾语作定语•指人who/thatwhom/that(可省略)whose•指物which/thatwhich/that(可省略)whose•指人和物thatthatwhose•非限定性定语从句中的关系代词•作主语作宾语作定语•指人whowhomwhose/ofwhom•指物whichwhichwhose/ofwhich•特殊情况•只能用that的情况•先行词为everything,all,little,much等不定代词时;•先行词被all,every,no,any,some,little,much修饰时;•先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时;•先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时;•先行词是be的表语或therebe的主语时;•先行词有人又有物时;•当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。不能用that的情况介词前置时;非限定性定语从句中这些词代替指人,whom在定语从句中指人,who和“that”既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略),可以指人也可以指物(who不可指物)。在从句中所起作用如下:(1)Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?(who/that在从句中作主语)(2)Heistheman________Isawyesterday.(3)Theman_____youspoketojustnowisourEnglishteacher.注:who在定语从句中指人,作主语和宾语,作宾语时可省略;做及物动词或介词的宾语,可省略。2,which,that用来指物(有六种情况只可用that而不用which)(用作主语、宾语,作宾语时可以省略),例如:Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.(which/that在从句中作宾语)注:which在定语从句中指物,可作主语或及物动词或介词的宾语,作宾语时可省略;that在定语从句中既可指人又可指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语,作宾语时可省略,指人时,相当于who或whom,指物时,相当于which,作介词宾语时,介词不可提到that前,当介词提前时,需要用which或whom来代替。3、whose(只用作定语)“whose”表示谁(可以为人也可以为物)(东西)例:Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(“whoseparents”表示那个孩子的双亲)Helivesinaroom_________windowfacessouth.whose关系代词:在句中作主语、宾语或定语。1.that既可代表事物也可代表人,“which”代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语可省略“that”在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,“which”在从句省略。eg:Thisisthebook(which)youwant.]2.不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语代词“which”放在它原来的位置。3.代表物时多这时的that常被省略;1)被形容词最高级修饰时;既有人又有物时;2)整个句中前面已有“which”,“why”行关系副词:在句中作状语关系副词=介词+关系代词why=forwhichwhere=in/at/onwhich(介词同先行词搭配)when=during/on/in/……1.“where”是关系副词,当然也不用“that”引导。IstillremembertheplacewhereImetherforthefirsttime.2.当从句的逻辑主语是some,any,no,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,everything或nothing时,常用“thereis”开头。Thereissomebodyherewhowantstotalktoyou.这里有人要和你说话。分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。关系副词1、why关系副词why主要用于修饰表原因的名词(主要是thereason),同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如:Wedon’tknowthereasonwhyhedidn’tshowup.Shedidn’ttellmethereason_______sherefusedtheoffer.与关系副词when和where不同,why可以换成that或省略。如:That’soneofthereasons(why,that)Iaskedyoutocome.另外,与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样,why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句。如:他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。误:Themainreason,whyhelosthisjob,wasthathedrank.正:Themainreasonwhyhelosthisjobwasthathedrank.(同位语从句)why2、when关系副词when主要用于修饰表时间的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如:Therecomesatimewhenyouhavetomakeachoice.Gonearethedays_______theycoulddowhattheyliked.We’llputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,__________theweathermaybebetter.注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词,就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作时间状语,就用when;如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用when,而要用that,which等。如:Don’tforgetthetime(that,which)I’vetoldyou.关系代词that/which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语,正因为是用作宾语,所以也可以省略。whenwhen3、where关系副词where主要用于修饰表地点的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如:Thisisthevillagewherehewasborn.练习That’sthehotel________wewerestayinglastsummer.BarbarywasworkinginAubury,______shewentdailyinabus.与前面when的情况一样,注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词,就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作地点状语,就用where;如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用where,而要用that,which等。如:Heworksinafactorythat[which]makesTVsets.关系代词that/which在定语从句中用作主语。另外注意,where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如:Wehavereachedapointwhereachangeisneeded.Therearecases________theword“mighty”isusedasanadverb.wherewherewhere限定性定语从句意义:限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整,例如Imetsomeonewhosaidheknowyou.1.在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于inwhich,atwhich,forwhich或onwhich(1)Attitudestowardsdaydreamingarechanginginmuchthesamewaythat(inwhich)attitudestowardsnightdreaminghavechanged.(2)Ilikethemusicfortheveryreasonthat(forwhich)hedislikeit.(3)Wearrivedthedaythat(onwhich)theyleft.刚好我们到的那天他们走了。2.在限定性定语从句中,当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语时,关系代词可省略。1)Thebook(that/which)Iamreadingisveryinteresting.2)Isthereanything(that)youwanted?想要什么东西吗?非限性定语从句意义:非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用,缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开,如Thehouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasalovelygarden.Thisnovel,________Ihavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.1.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:(1)HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。(2)Liquidwaterchangestovapor,________iscalledevaporation.2.在非限定定语从句中,有时as也可用作关系代词,若as在从句中作主语,其引导的句子可以放在句首,也可以放在句中。例如:(1)Theboyhasasmuchprogressaswehadexpected.(2)_______everyoneknows,Chinaisabeautifulcountrywithalonghistory.3.在非限定性定语从句中,不能用从句做主语(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.(2)Ihelpedanoldman________losthiswayyesterday.whichwhichAswho•1、先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰。•Thisisthemostinterestingbookthatlhaveeverread.•2、先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰。•ThesecondforeigncountrythatlexpecttovisitisGreek.•3、先行词是不定代词时,如all、few、little、much、anything、nothing、something•ThisistheverygooddictionarythatIwanttobuy.•4.、先行词既有人又有物时•Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?•5、先行词被“only”、“theevery”、“no”、“oneof”、“theright、“thesame等修饰•Heistheonlypersonthatlwanttotalkto.•6、在以“which”、“who
本文标题:定语从句定义
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