grammar定语从句

TheAttributiveClause定语从句Attributiveclause定语从句概念：用来修饰名词，代词或整个句子的从句就叫做定语从句。被修饰的词：先行词引导定语从句的词：关系词/引导词关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类。其作用为1）指代先行词,在从句中充当成分，2）起连词作用，连接主从句。Theyhavethreehouses.Thethreehousesarebuiltofstone.Theyhavethreehouseswhich/thatarebuiltofstone.Heisnotatrueman.Hedoesn’treachtheGreatWall.Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.appletheredthegreenthesmallthebigTheapplewhichisredismine.Theapplewhichisgreenisyours.TheapplewhichisredissmallTheapplewhichisgreenisbig.定语从句的分类：1.限制性定语从句起限定作用，指特定的人或物，不可省略，否则使原句句意不完整。与所修饰的先行词关系密切，不用逗号隔开e.g.Adoctorisapersonwhocurespatients.ThisisahousewhichIboughtlastyear.2.非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，若省略掉，原句句意也是完整的，与所修饰的先行词关系不密切，通常用逗号隔开,不用that/why引导e.g.Hewastakendowntoanotherroom,wherehefoundawoundedman.Thefirelastedforawholenight,whichcausedgreatdamage.ThisnotewasleftbyTom,whowashereamomentago.关系词指代充当成分关系代词that人或物主、宾、表which物主、宾、定who人主、宾whom人宾whose人或物定语as人、物或事主、宾、表关系副词where地点状语when时间why原因关系代词:1.who指人,作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略）e.g.Theman(who)Italkedwithisourteacher.Apersonwhostealsthingsiscalledathief.2.whom指人,作宾语(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)e.g.Theman(whom/who)InoddedtoisMr.Li.ThemantowhomInoddedisProfessorLi.3.whose一般指人，但有时也指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时，“whose+名词”可用“限定词+名词+ofwhich”或“ofwhich+限定词+名词”来代替。e.g.DoyouknowthegirlwhoseJapaneseisexcellent?e.g.Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.e.g.Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.=Pleasepassmethebookthecoverofwhichisgreen.4.which指物，作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.Thisrecorder（which）heisusingismadeinJapan.Isthisthelibrary(which)youborrowbooksfrom?Isthisthelibraryfromwhichyouborrowbooks?注意：which在定语从句中可以单独做定语eg.Tenyearsofhardworkchangedhergreatly,forwhichreasonhecouldhardlyrecognizeheratfirstsight.eg.Waterboilsat100℃,atwhichtemperatureitchangestogas.eg.Icalledherbythewrongname,forwhichmistakeIapologize.Heistheman(that)Imet.Heisnotthemanthathewas.他不在是从前的他了。注意：介词提前时只能用which或whom而不能用that。5.that指人/物，作主语、宾语或表语(作宾语可省略）Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Isthisthelibraryfromwhichyouborrowbooks?fromthat6.as用在限制性定语从句中，先行词有as,so,such或thesame修饰；e.g.Youcantakeasmanybooksasyouneed.Ihaven’tsomuchmoneyasyouwant.e.g.Ihaveneverseensuchatalentedyoungmanasheis.注意：thesame…that也常在定语从句中出现，但它表示“同一个，就是那一个”的意思，而thesame…as表示“与…一样，但不是同一个。”ThisisthesamebookthatIlostyesterday.这就是我昨天丢的那本书。ThisisthesamebookasIlostyesterday.这与我昨天丢的那本书一样。关系副词:关系副词引导定语从句时，既引导定语从句，又在定语从句中充当状语。关系副词可转化为“介词+关系代词which结构。1.when指时间,在定语从句中充当时间状语。Hetoldmethedatewhen/onwhichhejoinedtheParty.1949wastheyearwhen/inwhichtheP.R.C.wasfounded.2.where指地点,在定语从句中充当地点状语。Thisistheplacewhere/inwhichwelivedtenyearsago.Thehotelistheonewhere/atwhichIstayedlastmonth.3.why(forwhich)指原因，在定语从句中充当原因状语。Iknowthereasonwhy/forwhichshewassoangry.注：关系代词前介词的确定1.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系e.g.Isthatthenewspaper____whichyouoftenwritearticles?2.根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配e.g.Canyouexplaintomehowtousetheseidioms______whichI’mnotsure.3.根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯e.g.1949wastheyear___whichtheP.R.C.wasfounded.foraboutin应用定语从句的注意事项一、that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用which。(1)先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much,many,few等不定代词时。Iamsureshehassomething(that)youcanborrow.(2)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much，theonly,thevery(正是的/恰好的),thelast等修饰时I’vereadallthebooksthatarenotmine.Thisistheverybookthatbelongstohim.(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。Thisisthefirstbook(that)hehasread.（4）先行词既有人又有物时用that.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolthathehadvisited.（5）当先行词是which或who连接的特殊疑问句时，为避免重复而用that连接。Whichthatcanbechosenisright?Whothatareherecananswerthequestion?（6）主句是therebe结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不是which.ThereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstoTom.二、下列情况下只用which,不用that引导。⑴非限制性定语从句中不用that.Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.⑵that不能位于介词之后（介词后指物时which,指人时用whom.)Theprizeforwhichheworkedsohardwasanewbicycle.ThepersontowhomIamspeakingjustnowisourEnglishteacher.三、只用who/whom，不用that情况当先行词是表示人的不定代词anybody,everybody,somebody,nobody等,或all,those等不定代词代替人时,引导词通常用who/whom.Allwhowanttogotheresignyournameshere.Anybodywhowantstogotheresignsyournamehere.四、有时“介词+关系代词”前会出现不定代词（构成all,none,neither,many,some,few,most,half,much+of+whom/which的结构）e.g.Iearnonly1,000dollarsamonth,halfofwhichisspentonmycar.e.g.ThereistoomuchinformationontheInternet,someofwhichisunreliable.e.g.Ihaveinvitedonehundredfriendstotheparty,mostofwhomarefromabroad.五、theway作先行词，当引导词在从句中作主语/宾语时，用that或which；当引导词在从句中作状语时，用that，inwhich,或不填。Idon’tliketheway(that/which)youareusing.Idon’tlikethewayyouspoketoyourmother.thatyouspoketoyourmother.inwhichyouspoketoyourmom.六、oneof+复数名词作先行词，引导词在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语动词用复数。即，oneof+复数+引导词+V复数Heisoneofthestudentswhohavebeenthere.但是，当one之前有the/thevery/thelast/theonly等词修饰时，引导词在从句中作主语，从句中谓语动词用单数.即the/theonly/thevery/thelastoneof+复数+引导词+V单数TheGreatWallistheonlyoneofthebuildingsontheearththatisseenfromthemoon.七、as或which引导的非限制性定语从句中，as或which可以用来代替整个主句。1)as引导的从句可位于主句前，也可位于主句后有时还可插入句中.which引导的从句一般在主句后。Asisoftenthecase,Marywaslateforschool.HegavehismotheraTVsetforherbirthday,whichpleasedheralot.2)as通常译成“正如，就像”通常出现在一些固定句型中。which则译为“这件事”ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述asisimagined正如想象的那样asisknowntoall众所周知aswasexpected正