Chapter-2-3-Francis-Bacon-&-Of-Studies

FrancisBacon,1stViscountStAlbanKC(22January1561–9April1626)FrancisBacon(1561-1626)LawyerEssayistStatesmanPhilosopherMasterofEnglish“Thewisest,brightest,meanestofmankind”FrancisBacon(1560~1626)Birth:January22,1561(YorkHouse,London)Death:April9,1626(Highgate)FamilyFather:SirNicholasBacon(LordKeeperoftheSeal)Mother:AnneCook(DaughterofSirAnthoonyCook)SecondwifeBrothersandsisters:5brotherand1sisterfromhisfather’sfirstwifeAnelderbrothercalledAnthonyBaconLifeFrancisBacon（1561－1626）wasthefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophy（唯物主义哲学）。HewasbornintothefamilyofSirNicholasBacon，keeperofthePrivySeal（御玺）toQueenElizabeth.TheboyearlywonthefavoroftheQueen.HewenttoCambridgeattwelveandaftergraduatingatsixteen，tookuplaw.Hesoonbecameoneofthemostsuccessfullawyersofthetime.TrinityCollegeofCambridge(1573)LifeAttwenty-threehebecameamemberoftheHouseofCommons（下议院）andhisjudgmentandeloquence（口才）madehimfamous.WhenJamesIcametoEngland，BaconobtainedoneimportantofficeafteranotheruntilhebecamelordChancellor（大法官）andwasmadeapeer（nobleman）in1618.Hewasanadmirablejudge，butinthecourseofrisinghehadmadeenemieswhochargedhimwithbribery（受贿）.Hewasconvicted（判罪）deprived（免去）ofhisoffice，finedandbanished（流放）fromLondonin1621.Fiveyearslater，hediedindisgrace（耻辱）.BaconianMethodBacon’sworksestablishandpopularizeaninductivemethodologyforscientificinquiry,oftencalledtheBaconianmethod.Inductionimpliesdrawingknowledgefromthenaturalworldthroughexperimentation,observation,andtestingofhypotheses.Bacon’sScientificMethodTheScientificMethodSystematizedbyFrancisBacon,DescartesandGalileointhe17thcenturyNottheonlywayofknowing,butaverysuccessfulone.Amethodtoyieldconclusionsthatareindependentoftheindividual.Conclusionsarebasedonobservation.Bacon’sWorks1.Philosophical:AdvancementofLearning《论学术的进展》NovumOrganum《新工具》2.Literary:Essays《随笔》TheNewAtlantics(autopiannovelpublishedin1610)《新大西岛》3.Professional:MaximoftheLaw法律箴言ReadingontheStatuteofUses谈使用法则TheAdvancementofLearning《论学术的进展》AgreattractoneducationAccordingtoFrancisBacon,knowledgecanbedividedintotwokinds:oneisobtainedfromtheDivineRevelation,theotheristheknowledgefromtheworkingsofhumanmind.Man’sunderstandingconsistsofthreeparts;historytoman’smemory,poetrytoman’simaginationandcreation,andphilosophytoman’sreason.NovumOrganum《新工具》AsuccessfultreatisewritteninLatinonmethodology,whichisthemostimpressivedisplayofBacon’sintellect.TheuseofinductivemethodofreasoninginscientificstudyBaconshowsthenewempiricalattitudestowardstruthaboutnatureandbravelychallengesthemedievalscholasticistsEssays《随笔》Montaigne,thefirstgreatmodernessayist,isthepredecessorofBacon.Theterm“essay”wasborrowedfromMontaigne’sEssaiswhichappearedfrom1580to1588.Bacon’sstylehasthreeprominentqualities:directness,tersenessandforcefulnessOfstudiesisthemostpopularofBacon’s58essays.OfStudiesrevealstousBacon’smatureattitudetowardslearning.EssayAnyshortcompositioninprosethatundertakestodiscussamatter,expressesapointofview,persuadesustoacceptathesisonanysubject,orsimplytoentertain.•EssayshasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.Bacon’sEssaysHisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature,whichhasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.Andtheneatness,thepreciseness,thegravity,andtheweightinessaretheessentialqualitiesofhiswritings.Balanceandoppositionarethemostcommonstrategiesheusestoachieveboththeappearanceofbalanceandtheconcealmentofhisownopinionsunderthecloakoftheopposingalternatives.CharacteristicsofBacon’sEssaysCompactLogicalPowerfulElegantTripleseriesParallelsentencesAntithesisBiblicalallusionsMetaphorsCadenceOfStudies—FrancisBaconOfStudiesOfStudiesisthemostpopularofBacon’s58essays.Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor,thedifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies,andhowstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter.Forcefulandpersuasive,compactandprecise,OfStudiesrevealstousBacon’smatureattitudetowardslearning.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelightisinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrulesisthehumorofascholar.SevenDeadlySinsinChristianityGluttony,Greed,Lust,Sloth,Pride,Envy,Wrath练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience;fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem,fortheyteachnottheirownus