《英语国家概况》美国篇,期末整理

—《英语国家概况》•美国•第1页—TheUnitedStatesofAmericaPart1TheCountryandTheAmericanIdentityCommon-senseKnowledge1、全称：TheUnitedStatesofAmerica(美利坚合众国)2、简称：theUnitedStates;theU.S.;America.3、NationalAnthem：《星条旗永不落》TheStar-SpangledBanner（同时可以叫做国旗）1931年被美国国会正式定为国歌。4、NationalFlower：Rose5、Jetlag:About16hours(westofAmerica),and13hours(eastofAmerica).（了解）6、TheCapital:WashingtonD.C.为纪念美国国父乔治-华盛顿和发现美洲新大陆的哥伦布Christophe而定名7、绰号：山姆大叔（UncleSam）Location1、Canadaonthenorth；MexicoandtheGulfofMexicoonthesouth；AtlanticOceanontheeast；PacificOceanonthewest.2、Thelargestcountryintheworld：Russia，Canada，China，America，brazil，Australia.3、50statesintotalAlaska—thelargest；RhodeIsland(罗德岛州)—thesmallest；Texas（德克萨斯州）—thelargestonthemainland4、著名城市Boston是Massachusetts马萨诸塞州的首府5、两边两座山，中间一条河。Theeasternpart—thehighlandsformedbytheAppalachianRange(阿巴拉挈亚山脉).Thewesternpart—RockyMountains（落基山）—thegreatbackboneofNorthAmericaTheMississippiRiver—fatherofwaters6、TheGreatLakes（1）LakeMichigan密歇根湖—whollywithintheUnitedStates唯一全在美国境内（2）LakeErie伊利湖和LakeOntario安大略湖间有NiagaraFalls尼亚加拉大瀑布（3）LakeSuperior苏必利尔湖—世界上最大的淡水湖（4）无特色的LakeHuron休伦湖—《英语国家概况》•美国•第2页—Climate1、MainlytemperatewithsomemildsubtropicalzoneswithonlythesouthernFloridaandHawaiibeingtropical.大部分是温带大陆性气候。2、TheNortheast东北部著名城市有：（1）Boston波士顿（2）NewYork纽约：①Situatedonthreeislands—ManhattanIsland（曼哈顿岛）,LongIsland（纽约长岛）andStatenIsland（斯塔顿岛）atthemouthofHudsonRiver（哈德逊河）.②Fiveboroughs—Manhattan（曼哈顿）,Brooklyn（布鲁克林）,Bronx（布朗克斯）,Richmond（里士满）andQueens（纽约皇后区）.③theheadquarteroftheUnitedNations（联合国总部）④Thestatueofliberty自由女神像TheformalnameisLibertyEnlighteningtheWorld.3、TheSouth南部著名城市有：NewOrleans(新奥尔良)；Miami（迈阿密）；Atlanta（亚特兰大）4、TheMidwest—thebirthplaceoftheRepublicanParty共和党的诞生地中部著名城市有：（1）Chicago—thewindycity;secondmostpopulouscityafterNewYork（NewYork最多）5、TheWest西部著名城市有：（1）SanFrancisco圣弗兰西斯科/旧金山有GoldenGateBridge（金门大桥）（2）LosAngels洛杉矶有Hollywood（好莱坞）位于California加州TheAmericanIdentity(People)1、人口构成复杂TheWhite75%；NativeIndians&Hawaiians0.9%（不到1%）；TheBlack12%；TheAsians43%；MixedRaces2.5%.TheUnitedStatesisanationofmanyethnicgroups,makingita“meltingpot”（大熔炉）.2、Unevendistribution人口分布不均东北多西南少Themostdenselypopulatedregion—thenortheasternpartTheGreatPlains—acomparativelysmallpopulationTheSouth—apopulationofalmost57.5millionpeopleTheWest—notdenselypopulated3、CivilRightsMovement民权运动MartinLutherKing—“IHaveaDream”—《英语国家概况》•美国•第3页—4、Hispanics—theSpanish-speakingpopulationoftheUnitedStates第二语言SpanishThreemajorHispanicgroups:Mexican-Americans；PuertoRicans；Cuban-AmericansPart2History整理脉络：发现新大陆——殖民——独立战争——联邦政府的建立——内战——西部大扩张——两次世界大战中的美国——当下的美国发现新大陆时期:1、MountRushmore总统山/拉什莫尔山，位于南达科他州。2、哥伦布Columbus发现新大陆。3、Name的由来:AmerigaVespucci（阿美利歌-韦斯普奇）provedthatthelandwasnotIndia,butanewcontinent.Therefore,thelandwasnamedAmericaafterhim.4、NativeAmericans—theIndians5、In1565,theSpanishestablishedthefirstpermanentEuropeansettlement(移民地)inthecontinentalU.S.atSt.Augustine,Florida.最早移民为西班牙人。6、JohnCabotwasthefirstEnglishexplorertotraveltotheNewWorldandclaimedthefirstpieceoflandforEnglandbytheendofthe15thcentury.7、最早有13个殖民地。1607-1733，英国在美国建立13个殖民地。TheywereVirginia,Maine,NewHampshire,Massachusetts,Connecticut,NewYork,RhodeIsland,Maryland,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,NewJersey,PennsylvaniaandGeorgia.8、In1620,AgroupofEnglishPuritans(英国清教徒),nowknownasthePilgrimFathers（清教徒先祖/朝拜者）,landedatCapeCod（科德角）,nearBoston,afterailinginthesmallshiptheMayflower“五月花号“formonths.LandedatnowknownPlymouth,Massachusettes.注意：“五月花号”9、ThanksgivingDay1863年，美国总统林肯宣布每年十一月的第四个星期四为感恩节。首个庆祝的感恩节在1621年。殖民地时期：1、北美十三个殖民地2、ThereasonsofEuropeans‘comingtoAmerica（看下即可）(1)Theneedforincreasedtrade;—《英语国家概况》•美国•第4页—(2)ThezealofSpanishprieststoconvertthenativeIndianstoChristianity;(3)TheneedofEuropeanreligiousandpoliticaldissentersforrefugefrompersecutionintheirhomelands;(4)Thethirstforadventureofsomeindividuals.独立战争时期TheWarofIndependence/Americanrevolution：1、TheCauses:①Withthedevelopmentofeconomy,thepeopleinthecolonieswantedmorepowertodeterminetheirownbusiness（自决权）.ButthepolicyoftheBritishgovernmentwastobringthedevelopmentundercontrol（把经济发展控于股掌）andcollectmoretaxesfromthecolonies.②TheBostonTeaParty(波士顿茶叶事件):In1773,severaldozenBostonresidentsdressedasIndiansboardedtheshipsoftheBritishEastIndiaCompany（登上英国东印度公司的船）andthrewtheteaintotheharbor.注意：波士顿茶叶事件TheBostonTeaParty、1773年和英国东印度公司theBritishEastIndiaCompany2、TheContinentalCongress大陆会议，中英文会表达。以下表格很重要。TimePlace备注TheFirstContinentalCongress1774Philadelphia费城TheSecondContinentalCongress1775Philadelphia费城与莱克星顿的枪声ThefireofLexington同在1775年发生，时隔三周。3、InSeptember,1783,theTreatyofParis巴黎条约wassigned.BritainrecognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStates.注意：巴黎条约的签订代表了美国的真正独立。联邦政府的建立时期Establishmentofafederalformofgovernment：领土扩张和西进运动时期TerritorialexpansionandthewestwardMovement：1、ForcedEnglandtogiveuptheOldNorthwest（迫使英格兰放弃旧西北地区）2、PurchasedtheLouisianafromNepoleon.(1790’s)向拿破伦购买路易斯安那州（使得国土面积变身原先两倍）3、ForcedSpaintocedeFloridaandtheGulfcoast迫使西班牙放弃弗罗里达和墨西哥海岸4、TexasaddedtotheUnion(1845)1845年，德克萨斯加入联邦（1845年之前，德克萨斯属于墨西哥）5、ObtainedCaliforniaandNewMexicofromMexicobythewarwithMexico(1846-1848)从墨西哥战争1846-484