Ezra Pound

埃兹拉·庞德（1885-1972）EzraPoundAmericanexpatriate（移居国外的）poet,criticandintellectualleaderofImagistmovementamajorfigureandoneofthemostcontroversialoftheModernistmovementthefatherofmodernAmericanpoetry.themostinfluentialleaderoftheImagistMovement.thefatherofImagistPoertyHebelievedthatgoodpoetrywasbasedonimagesratherthanideas.borninHailey,Idaho1885grewupandwaseducatedmainlyinPennsylvania.In1901attheageof15,heenteredtheUniversityofPennsylvaniaIn1903,transferredtoHamiltonCollege,gotMasterdegreein1906HisLifeIn1908hemovedtoEurope,livingfirstinVenicebuteventuallysettlinginLondon.Poundself-publishedALumeSpento,hisfirstpublishedcollectionofshortpoems,whilelivinginVenice.IntheyearsbeforetheWorldWarI,PoundwaslargelyresponsiblefortheappearanceofImagism,andcoinedthenameofthemovementVorticism(漩涡主义).HisLifeEzramarriedDorothyShakespear,anartistin1914.HisLifeIn1920,hemovedtoParisandgotacquaintedwithGertrudeSteinandhercircleoffriends,thensettledinItalyin1924.DuringthesecondWorldWar,heleanedinthedirectionofMussolini’sfascisttotalitarianism(法西斯极权主义).Havingmadeanti-Americanradiobroadcasts,hewasarrestedasatraitorin1945.SenttotheUS,wherehewasdeemedmentallyunfittostandtrialfortreason.HisLifeHisLifePoundwasconfinedfor12yearsinahospital(actuallyprison)forthecriminallyinsaneinWashington.DuringthistimehetranslatedworksofancientGreekandancientChineseliterature.Whileinprison,hewasawardedaprestigiouspoetryprizein1949forhislastCantos.In1958hereturnedtoItaly,wherehecontinuedtowriteandmaketranslationsuntilhediedin1972.PointofView(1)Theartistwasmorallyandculturallythearbiter(仲裁者)andthe“savior”oftherace,hetookituponhimselftopurifytheartsandbecametheprimemoverofafewexperimentalmovements,theaimofwhichwastodumptheoldintothedustbinandbringforthsomethingnew.(2)Tohim,lifewassordidpersonalcrushingoppression,andcultureproducednothingbut“intangiblebondage”.(3)PoundseesinChinesehistoryandthedoctrineofConfuciusasourceofstrengthandwisdomwithwhichtocounterpointWesterngloomandconfusion.(4)Hesawachaoticworldthatwantedsettingtorights,andahumanity,sufferingfromspiritualdeathandcosmicinjustice,thatneededsaving.HewasforthemostpartofhislifetryingtoofferConfucianphilosophyastheonefaithwhichcouldhelptosavetheWest.PointofViewFeaturesofhisworksLanguage:intricateandobscure.Form:nofixedframework,nocentraltheme,noattentiontopoeticrules.style:verydifficulttoreadPound’searlypoemsarefreshandlyrical.TheCantoscanbenotoriously（众所周知的）difficultinsomesections,butdelightfullybeautifulinothers.Fewhavemadeseriousstudyofthelongpoem;fewer,ifanyoneatall,havehadthecouragetodeclarethattheyhaveconqueredPound;andmanyseemtoagreethattheCantosisamonumentalfailure.Pound’sMajorLiteraryWorks1)“Cathay”《华夏集》《神州集》《中国诗章》basedontranslationsfromolderChinesepoetslikeLiBai2)“HughSelwynMauberley”《休赛尔温•毛伯利》hisdisillusionmentandhisviewofhisowncareerPound’sMajorLiteraryWorks3)“TheCantos”«诗章»Cantos(1948),atotalof117poemsItexploreswesterncivilizationfromtheclassicalpastthroughthemedievalperiodandtheRenaissancetothemodernage,anddescribesremediesforitsculturalills.encyclopedicepicpoem学识渊博的史诗性诗歌Pound’sMajorLiteraryWorks5)“InaStationoftheMetro”“在地铁站里”4)“APact”“合同”，“协约”庞德曾把“意象”称为“一刹那间思想和感情的复合体”。用视觉意象引起联想，表达一瞬间的直觉和思想。一般用自由体写作短小篇章。意象派;映衬对比;音乐性短句ImagismImagismflourishedfrom1909to1917andinvolvedquiteanumberofBritishandAmericanwritersandpoets.TheImagistMovementadvancedmodermisminartsandconcentratedonreformingthemediumofpoetryasopposedtoRomanticism,especiallyTennyson'swordinessandhigh-flown（夸张的）languageinpoetry.DefinitionofimagismItisaninfluentialliterarymovementthattookplaceinEuropeandAmericafromabout1910to1920.Itsoriginsarefoundintwopoems,AutumnandACitySunsetbyT.E.HulmethatwerepublishedinJanuary1909bythePoet’sClubinLondon.ItsourcesfromGreekmyths,Provencalpoetry,JapanesepoetryandChinesepoetry,especiallytheideographicandpictographicnatureofChineselanguage.Theimagistpoetcreatesasinglesharpimagethatevokesanemotionalresponseinthereader.Imagismwasinareactiontothe“badhabits”ofthe19thcenturypoetswhoweretooexplicitintheircommentaryandtoorepetitiousintheirsubjects,patterns,andmeters.Image:itsdefinitionsT.E.Hulme'sdefination:Theimagemustenableone“todwellandlingeruponapointofexcitement,toachievetheimpossibleandconvertapointintoaline”.RichardAldington'sdefination:Theexactwordmustbringtheeffectoftheobjectbeforethereaderasithadpresenteditselftothepoet’smindatthetimeofwriting.Pound’sdefinition:“An‘Image’isthatwhichpresentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime.”(如漩涡般融合在一起的意群)“endowedwithenergy”.Theexactwordmustbringtheeffectoftheobjectbeforethereaderasithadpresenteditselftothepoet’smindatthetimeofwriting.Animage“givesthatsenseofsuddenliberation;thatsenseoffreedomfromtimelimitsandspacelimits;thatsenseofsuddengrowth,whichweexperienceinthegreatestworksofart.”Image:itsdefinitionsWithaspiritofrevoltagainstconventions,imagismwasanti-romanticandanti-Victorian.Itstressedfreechoiceofsubjectmatters(oftendealingwithsingle,concentratedmomentsofexperience),concretenessofimagery,musicalphrases,economyofexpress