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Unit11第十一单元SteelMembers钢构件Tensionmembersarefoundinbridgeandrooftrusses(屋架),towers,bracingsystems,andinsituationwheretheyareusedastierods(连杆).Theselectionofasectiontobeusedasatensionmemberisoneofthesimplestproblemsencounteredindesign.Asthereisnodangerofbuckling,thedesignerneedsonlytocomputethefactoredforce(分解力)tobecarriedbythememberanddividethatforcebyadesignstresstodeterminetheeffectivecross-sectionalarearequired.Thenitisnecessarytoselectasteelsection(截面)thatprovidestherequiredarea.Thoughtheseintroductory(介绍性的)calculationsfortensionmembersarequitesimple,theydoserve(完成)theimportanttasks(目标)ofgettingstudentsstartedwithdesignideas(概念)andgettingtheir“feetwet”regarding(涉足于)themassive(大量的)LRFDManual.1.TensionMembers受拉构件受拉构件在桥梁和屋架、塔、支撑系统以及用作连杆时被见到。用作受拉构件的截面选择是设计中遇到的最简单的问题之一。因为没有屈曲的危险,设计者只需要计算由该构件承受的分解力,并将该力除以设计应力以确定所需的有效横截面面积。然后有必要选择一个钢截面,它提供了需要的面积。尽管这些关于受拉构件的介绍性的计算非常简单,但它们确实完成了这样一个重要的目标,即使学生开始拥有设计的概念,并使他们涉足于大量的LRFD手册。Oneofthesimplestforms(形式)oftensionmembersisthecircularrod(圆钢),butthereissomedifficultyinconnectingittomanystructures.Therodhasbeenusedfrequentlyinthepast,buthasonlyoccasionalusestodayinbracingsystems,lighttrusses,andintimberconstruction.Oneimportantreasonrodsarenotpopularwith(受..欢迎)designersisthattheyhavebeenusedimproperly(不恰当地)soofteninthepastthattheyhaveabadname(落得坏名声);however,ifdesignedandinstalledcorrectly,theyaresatisfactoryformanysituations.受拉构件最简单的形式之一是圆钢,但是将其与很多结构连接有一些困难。过去常常采用圆钢,但是如今只偶然用于支撑系统、轻质桁架以及木结构。圆钢不受设计者欢迎的一个重要原因是过去常常被不恰当地使用,以至于落得坏名声;但是如果正确地设计和安装,它们在很多情况下是令人满意的。Theaverage(通常)sizerodhasverylittle(几乎没有)stiffnessandmayquiteeasilysag(下垂)underitsownweight(自重),injuring(破坏)theappearanceofthestructure.Thethreadedrodsformerlyusedinbridgesoftenworkedloose(松掉)andrattled(发出嘎嘎声).Anotherdisadvantageofrodsisthedifficultyoffabricatingthemwiththeexactlengthsrequiredandtheconsequent(随之发生的)difficultiesofinstallation.通常尺寸的圆钢几乎没有刚度,并且在自重下很容易下垂,因而破坏了结构的外观。以前用于桥梁的有螺纹的圆钢常常松掉,并发出嘎嘎声。圆钢的另一个缺点是难以按需要的精确长度来制作,随之发生的是安装的困难。Whenrodsareusedinwindbracing(抗风支撑)itisagoodpractice(作法)toproduceinitialtension(初张力)inthem,asthiswilltightenup(拉紧)thestructureandreducerattlingandswaying.Toobtaininitialtensionthemembermaybedetailed(设计)shorterthantheirrequiredlengths,amethodthatgivesthesteelfabricatorverylittletrouble.Acommonruleofthumb(单凭经验的方法)usedistodetailtherodsabout1/16in.shortforeach20ft.oflength.(Approximatestressf=εE=[1/16(12)(20)](29×106)=7550psi.)Anotherverysatisfactorymethodinvolvestighteningtherodswithsomesortofsleevenut(套筒螺母)orturnbuckle(套筒螺母).Part8oftheLRFDManualprovidesdetailedinformationforthesedevices(方法).当圆钢被用作抗风支撑时,一个很好的做法是使它们产生初张力,因为这将拉紧结构,并减少发出嘎嘎声和摇晃。为获得初张力,杆件可以设计得比它们需要的长度短,该法对钢材的制作者来说几乎没什么麻烦。一个常用的经验法是设计该圆钢时每20英尺的长度缩短约1/16英寸。(近似应力f=εE=[1/16(12)(20)](29×106)=7550psi.)另一个非常令人满意的方法包括采用某种套筒螺母拉紧圆钢。LRFD手册的第八部分提供了有关这些方法的详细信息。Theprecedingdiscussiononrodsshouldillustratewhyrolledshapes(轧制型钢)suchasangleshavesupplanted(代替)rodsformostapplications.Intheearlydaysofsteelstructures,tensionmembersconsistedofrods,bars(型钢),andperhapscables(索).Today,althoughtheuseofcablesisincreasingforsuspended-roof(悬索屋顶)structures,tensionmembersusuallyconsistofsingle(单)angles,double(双)angles,tees(T形钢),channels(槽钢),Wsections(型钢),orsectionsbuiltupfromplates(薄钢板)orrolledshapes.Thesememberslookbetterthantheoldones,arestiffer,andareeasiertoconnect.Anothertypeoftensionsection(构件)oftenusedistheweldedtensionplateorflatbar(扁钢),whichisverysatisfactoryforuseintransmissiontowers(发射塔),signs(广告牌),footbridges(人行桥),andsimilarstructures.前面关于圆钢的讨论应该阐明为什么诸如角钢的轧制型钢已在多数应用中代替了圆钢。在早期的钢结构中,受拉构件包括圆钢、型钢以及可能是索。今天尽管索在悬索屋顶结构中的使用不断增加,受拉构件通常包括单角钢、双角钢、T形钢、槽钢、W型钢,或由薄钢板或轧制型钢组合成的型钢。这些构件看上去比老的更好、更结实、更容易连接。另一种常用的受拉构件是焊接的受拉薄钢板或者是扁钢,它在用于发射塔、广告牌、人行桥以及类似的结构中是非常令人满意的。Thetensionmembersofsteelrooftrussesmayconsistofsingleanglesassmallas21/2×2×1/4forminormembers.Amoresatisfactorymemberismadefromtwoanglesplacedbacktoback(背对背)withsufficientspacebetweenthemtopermittheinsertionofplates(金属板)(calledgussetplates节点板)forconnectionpurposes.Wheresteelsections(型钢)areusedback-to-backinthismanner,theyshouldbeconnectedevery(每隔)4or5ft.topreventrattling,particularlyinbridgetrusses.Singleanglesanddoubleanglesareprobablythemostcommontypesoftensionmembersinuse.Structuralteesmakeverysatisfactorychordmembers(弦杆)forweldedtrussesbecausewebmembers(腹杆)canconvenientlybeconnectedtothem.钢屋架的受拉构件由单角钢组成,对次要构件其尺寸可小至21/2×2×1/4。一种较满意的构件是由两根背对背放置、中间有足够的间距允许插入金属板(称为节点板)以用于连接的角钢制成。在型钢采用背对背的方式处,它们应该每隔4或5英尺连接一下以免发出嘎嘎声,特别是在桥梁桁架中。单角钢和双角钢可能是受拉构件中最常用的类型。对焊接桁架用结构T形钢可得到满意的弦杆,因为腹杆能方便地与它们连接起来。Forbridgesandlargerooftrussestensionmembersmayconsistofchannels,WorSshapes,orevensectionsbuiltupfromsome(某种)combinationofangles,channels,andplates.Singlechannelsarefrequentlyused,astheyhavelittleeccentricity(偏心)andareconvenientlyconnected.Although,forthesameweight,WsectionsarestifferthanSsections,theymayhaveaconnectiondisadvantagein(由于)theirvaryingdepths.Forinstance,theW12×79,W12×72,andW12×65allhaveslightly(略微)differentdepths(12.38in.,12.25in.,and12.12in.,respectively)whiletheSsectionsofacertain(某个)nominalsize(名义尺寸)allhavethesamedepths.Forinstance
本文标题:土木工程专业英语(苏小卒)课文翻译11、13、15、17单元
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