【走向高考】2017年高考英语一轮复习 第一部分 基础知识聚焦 专题突破解题策略5 阅读理解之篇章结

路漫漫其修远兮吾将上下而求索走向高考·英语人教版·高考总复习专题突破解题策略(五)必修三第一部分基础知识聚焦把握文章的基本结构有利于理解文章主题。在近几年的高考题英语试题中出现了专门考查文章结构和写作手法的考题，如安徽卷中的任务型读写题、江苏卷中的任务型阅读和湖南卷中的填空题就考查了考生对文章结构的理解。北京卷、陕西卷、重庆卷在近几年的阅读理解中也比较注重对文章结构的考查。在《考试大纲》中也明确要求考生“理解文章的基本结构”。高考对文章结构的考查主要涉及两个层次。一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，二是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。阅读理解之篇章结构题1.段落组织类题型主要考查结构有总分；分总；总分总等形式。解答这种类型的题目，需把握全文的逻辑框架，理解段落与段落之间的关系：如并列，递进，转折，因果等，分析各段落与文章主旨之间的关系来确定全文的篇章结构特点。[典例1](2015·陕西高考C)Theproductionofcoffeebeansisahuge,profitablebusiness,but,unfortunately,fullsunproductionistakingovertheindustryandbringingaboutalotofdamage.Thechangeinhowcoffeeisgrownfromshadegrownproductiontofullsunproductionendangerstheveryexistenceofcertainanimalsandbirds,andevendisturbstheworld'secologicalbalance.Onalocallevel,thedamageoftheforestrequiredbyfullsunfieldsaffectsthearea'sbirdsandanimals.Theshadeoftheforesttreesprovidesahomeforbirdsandotherspecies(物种)thatdependonthetrees'flowersandfruits.Fullsuncoffeegrowersdestroythisforesthome.Asaresult,manyspeciesarequicklydyingout.Onamoregloballevel,thedestructionoftherainforestforfullsuncoffeefieldsalsothreatens(威胁)humanlife.Medicalresearchoftenmakesuseoftheforests'plantandanimallife,andthedestructionofsuchspeciescouldpreventresearchersfromfindingcuresforcertaindiseases.Inaddition,newcoffeegrowingtechniquesarepoisoningthewaterlocally,andeventuallytheworld'sgroundwater.Bothlocallyandglobally,thecontinuedspreadoffullsuncoffeeplantations(种植园)couldmeanthedestructionoftherainforestecology.Thelossofshadetreesisalreadycausingaslightchangeintheworld'sclimate,andstudiesshowthatlossofoxygengivingtreesalsoleadstoairpollutionandglobalwarming.Moreover,thenewgrowingtechniquesarecontributingtoacidic(酸性的)soilconditions.Itisobviousthatthewaymuchcoffeeisgrownaffectsmanyaspectsoflife,fromthelocalenvironmenttotheglobalecology.Butconsumersdohaveachoice.Theycanpurchaseshadegrowncoffeewheneverpossible,althoughatahighercost.Thefuturehealthoftheplanetandmankindissurelyworthmorethananinexpensivecupofcoffee.57．Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext?[解析]A文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产给环境和生态带来的种种危害，呼吁人们不要购买这种咖啡，而要买对环境有利的产品。文章结构题。文章第一段介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产的话题，二、三、四段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产带来的破坏，第五段说服人们去购买对环境有利的阴凉处种植的咖啡，所以是总分总的结构，故选A。2．写作手法类题型作者采用不同方法来组织文章，如：(1)时间顺序。按照时间先后顺序说明某一事物的发展，或某一研究成果由过去到现在的发展情况。(2)空间顺序。按照事物的空间结构顺序，例如从左到右，从内到外，从整体到局部等进行描写或者说明。(3)举例。所列举的事物用来佐证观点，通常是数据、事例等。(4)类比。这类文章通常以对比事物之间的共同点或者差异为主。解答该类型题目，考生要准确理解文章主旨大意，清楚地把握文脉，即句与句，段与段之间的逻辑关系，弄清作者的写作思路，才能做出正确的答案。[典例2](2015·安徽高考E)Foodservesasaformofcommunicationintwofundamentalways.Sharingbreadorotherfoodsisacommonhumantraditionthatcanpromoteunityandtrust.Foodcanalsohaveaspecificmeaning,andplayasignificantroleinafamilyorculture'scelebrationsortraditions.Thefoodsweeatandwhenandhowweeatthemareoftenuniquetoaparticularcultureormayevendifferbetweenrural(农村的)andurbanareaswithinonecountry....Manycultureshaveceremoniestocelebratethebirthofachild,andfoodcanplayasignificantrole.InChina,whenababyisonemonthold,familiesnameandwelcometheirchildinacelebrationthatincludesgivingredcoloredeggstoguests.Inmanycultures,roundfoodssuchasgrapes,bread,andmooncakesareeatenatwelcomecelebrationstorepresentfamilyunity.Nutritionisnecessaryforlife,soitisnotsurprisingthatfoodissuchanimportantpartofdifferentculturesaroundtheworld.74．Theauthorexplainstheroleoffoodincelebrationsby________.A．usingexamplesB．makingcomparisonsC．analyzingcausesD．describingprocesses[解析]A文章主要讲的是食物和文化的关系。不同的文化里包含着不同的饮食传统和庆祝方式。食物通过两种基本的方式在扮演着沟通的角色。根据倒数第二段“InChina,whenababyisonemonthold...Inmanycultures,roundfoods”可知，作者主要使用了举例的方法来解释食物在庆祝中的角色。[典例3](2014·陕西高考C)WhydoAmericansstrugglewithwatchingtheirweight,whiletheFrench,whoconsumerichfood,continuetostaythin?NowaresearchbyCornellUniversitysuggestshowlifestyleanddecisionsabouteatingmayaffectweight.ResearchersconcludethattheFrenchtendtostopeatingwhentheyfeelfull.However，AmericanstendtostopwhentheirplateisemptyortheirfavoriteTVshowisover.AccordingtoDrJosephMercola,ahealthexpert,theFrenchseeeatingasanimportantpartoftheirlifestyle.Theyenjoyfoodandthereforespendafairlylongtimeatthetable,whileAmericansseeeatingassomethingtobesqueezedbetweentheotherdailyactivities.MercolabelievesAmericanslosetheabilitytosensewhentheyareactuallyfull.SotheykeepeatinglongaftertheFrenchwouldhavestopped.Inaddition,hepointsoutthatAmericansdrivetohugesupermarketstobuycannedandfrozenfoodsfortheweek.TheFrench,instead,tendtoshopdaily,walkingtosmallshopsandfarmers'marketswheretheyhaveachoiceoffreshfruits,vegetables,andeggsaswellashighqualitymeatsforeachmeal.AfteravisittotheUnitedStates，MireilleGuiliano,authorofFrenchWomenDon'tGetFat,decidedtowriteabouttheimportanceofknowingwhentostopratherthansuggestinghowtoavoidfood.Todayshecontinuestostayslimandrarelygoestothegym.Inspiteofallthesedifferences，evidenceshowsthatrecentlifestylechangesmaybeaffectingFrencheatinghabits.Todaytherateofobesity—orextremeoverweight—amongadultsisonly6%.However,asAmericanfastfoodgainsacceptanceandtheyoungrejectoldertraditions,theobesityrateamongFrenchchildrenhasreached17%—andisgrowing.55．Thistextismainlydeveloped________.A．bycontrastB．byspaceC．by