论文写作4-引用规范英文课件

毕业论文写作Graduation[e-mail]4DocumentingSources5.1PurposeofDocumentation1)Whatisdocumentation?theinformationinthethesisthattellswhatsourcesyouhaveusedandwhereyoutakeit.2)Whatarethemajorpurposesofdocumentation?①toacknowledgethecontributionsofthepreviousresearch.②tooffertheaccurateanddetailedsourcesofinformationforfutureresearch.5.2MajorFormatsandStylesofDocumentation1)Followingtherequiredformatandstyle.2)Beconsistentinyourthesisforcitingandlistingsources.TwoMajorTasksofDocumentation:CitingsourcesListingsourcesInEnglish,therearethreemajorformatsandstylesofdocumentation.Theyare:Chicagomanuscripts(widelyusedinhumanitiesandsocialscience)MLA(ModernLanguageAssociation)(mainlyusedinthedisciplinesofliterature,history,artandothers)APA(AmericanPsychologicalAssociation)(widelyusedinthesocialsciences,ineducation,psychology,linguisticsandmanyotherfields)5.3WithintheTextThisishowyoushouldrefertoauthors’works.Theseconventionsmustbestrictlyfollowed.“Discoursecommunitiesusecodes”(McCarthyandCarter,1994:123)“Discoursecommunitiesusecodes”(Grice,1975;Leech,1983;Levinson,1983)Kreckel(1981:36)saysthatdiscoursecommunitiesusecodes.Ifyousay‘linguistshavesaidthis’or‘ithasbeenwidelyobserved’youmustsaywhosaidorobservedit,givethename,thedate,andpossiblythepage.e.g.Linguistshavesaidthatintonationshouldbetaughtfromtheearlydaysoflanguagelearning(Brown,1996;Davis,1997;Smith,1995).Eventhoughyouusealittlephrasefromanauthore.g.‘gradedsetsofintonationpatterns’,youshouldacknowledgewhoseitisandgivetheyearandpage.Howeverniceitis,donotpretenditisyours.Thereaderwillalwaysknow.Nowseesomeexamples:1)not(Brown,G.1996)or(Brown,Gillian1996)or(Dr.Brown1996)→but(Brown,1996).2)not(Brown)→but(Brown,1996).3)not(Brown,1996‘TheGoodLanguageLearner’)andnot(Brown,19963rdEdition)→but(Brown,1996).4)not‘Brownmentionedtheusefulnessofvisualaids(Brown1996:139)’→but‘Brownmentionedtheusefulnessofvisualaids(1996:139)’.5)not(Brown,1996)(White,1997)→but(Brown,1996;White,1997).6)Web-basedsources.Whenyourepeatareferencetoabooksosoonafterapreviousreferencelikethis,allyoureallyneedtoputis‘(ibid)’(It’sLatinfor‘thatwhichhasgonebefore’!).Youdonothavetowritethenameanddateagain.Onlyuse‘ibid’ifthepreviousreferenceisinthesameparagraph.Whenyouarequotingmorethanoneline,youshouldstarttoquoteonanewlineandindentthewholequotation,likethis:Themajorityoflanguagelearnersprefertohavetheirlearningreinforcedwithvisualaids,andthisappealstothesenseofhearingandsenseofseeingatthesametime.(Brown,1996:139).Summary:Precise,briefanddetaileddocumentationisrequiredintheacknowledgementofsources.Thestudentmustdemonstratetotheaudienceexactlywhatwastakenfromeachsourceandexactlywhereintheworkthematerialwasfound.Alltheparentheticalcitationsshouldcorrespondtofullbibliographicalentriesinthelistofreferencesattheendofthepaper.5.4IntheReferenceListattheEndReferencesBibliographyThefollowingaresomeguidelinesforlistingReferencesorBibliography:1.Beginthelistofsourcesonaseparatepageafterthetextofyourpaper.2.TypetheheadingReferencesorBibliographyontopofaseparatepage,neitherunderlined,noritalicizedorinquotationmarks.3.Listallthesourcesbytheauthors’lastnamesinthealphabeticorder.Iftheauthorofasourceisunknown,alphabetizethesourcebythefirstmajorwordofthetitle.4.Begineachentrywiththeleftmargin.Donotindentthefirstlineofeachentry,butindentfivespacesinthesubsequentlines.Usuallyacompleteentryforabookshouldbelikethis:Author’slastname,initialsforthefirstandmiddlenames,(publicationdate).Title.Additionalinformation.Cityofpublication:publisher.SampleEntries:Books*AbookbyoneauthorBambrough,R.(1963).ThephilosophyofAristotle.NewYork:TheNewAmericanLibrary.*AbookbytwoormoreauthorsAtwan,R.,Mcquate,D.,&Wright,J.(1979).Edsels,Luckies,andFrigidaires:AdvertisingtheAmericanway.NewYork:Dell.*OrganizationasauthorAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.(1994).PublicationmanualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.4thed.Washington:AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.*AnonymousauthorTheNewYorkTimesatlasoftheworld.(1980).NewYork:NewYorkTimesBooks.*TwoormorebooksbythesameauthorBloom,H.(1973).Theanxietyofinfluence:Atheoryofpoetry.NewYork:OxfordUP.Bloom,H.(1975).Amapofmisreading.NewYork:OxfordUP.*AbookwithaneditororeditorsGlotfelty,C.,&Fromm,H.(Eds.).(1996).Theecocriticismreader:landmarksinliteraryecology.Athens:TheUofGeorgiaP.*AbookwithanauthorandaneditorJung,C.G.(1959).Basicwritings.(V.S.deLaszlo,Ed.).NewYork:ModernLibrary.*AbookwithatranslatorFreud,S.(1961).Civilizationanditsdiscontents.(J.Strachey,Trans.).NewYork:Norton.*EditionafterthefirstFromkin,V.,&Rodman,R.(1993).Anintroductiontolanguage(5thed.).Ft.Worth:Harcourt.*AworkinabookoranthologyWellek,R.(1963).Romanticismre-examined.InN.Frye(Ed.),Romanticismreconsidered(pp.55-98).NewYork:ColumbiaUP.Hall,S.(1993).MinialSelves.InA.Gray&J.McGuigan(Eds.),Studyingculture(pp.131-142).Arnold:HodderHeadlineGroup.*AmultivolumeworkPlato.(1926).Laws(2vols.).NewYork:G.P.Putnam’sSons.SampleEntries:ArticlesThefourbasicelementsforanarticleen