The-Psychological-Approach

ThePsychologicalApproach:FreudByDingYuan,Dec.7th,2010Contents•AboutSigmundFreud•Freud’sTheories•ThePsychologicalApproachinPractice•LimitationsofthePsychologicalApproach•RelatedSourcesaboutFreudSigmundFreud•anAustrianneurologistwhofoundedthepsychoanalyticschoolofpsychiatrySigmundFreud(1856–1939)SigmundFreud(cont.)•Hewasknownas'TheClockMan,'becausehelivedhislifetosuchatighttimetable.Freudin1931withhischowdogsinPotzieinsdorf,nearVienna.Freud’sTheories•TwoLevelsofMentalActivity•ThreePremises•ThreePsychicZonesTwoLevelsofMentalActivity•Consciousandunconscious(preconsciousandunconscious)•Preconscious---alayerbetweenconsciousandunconsciousthought;itscontentscouldbeaccessedwithalittleeffort.TwoLevelsofMentalActivity(cont.)ThefoundationofFreud’scontributiontomodernpsychologyishisemphasisontheunconsciousaspectsofthehumanpsyche.Likeiceberg,thehumanmindisstructuredsothatitsgreatweightanddensityliebeneaththesurface(belowthelevelofconsciousness)TwoLevelsofMentalActivity(cont.)•Dreams---royalroadtotheunconsciousDreamsillustratethelogicoftheunconsciousmind.---TheInterpretationofDreamsInceptionThreePremises•Mostoftheindividual’smentalprocessesareunconscious.•Allhumanbehaviorismotivatedultimatelybywhatwewouldcallsexuality.Freuddesignatestheprimepsychicforceaslibido,orsexualenergy.•Becauseofthepowerfulsocialtaboosattachedtocertainsexualimpulses,manyofourdesiresandmemoriesarerepressed(thatis,activelyexcludedfromconsciousawareness).ThreePsychicZones•Freud’sassignmentofthementalprocessestothreepsychezones:theid(本我),theego(自我),andthesuperego(超我)perceptual-consciousTheidisthereservoiroflibido,theprimarysourceofallpsychicenergy.Itfulfillstheprimordiallifeprinciple,whichFreudconsiderstobethepleasureprinciple.Theegoistherationalgoverningagentsofthepsyche.Thoughtheegolacksthestrongvitalityoftheid,itregulatestheinstinctualdrivesoftheidsothattheymaybereleasedinnondestructivebehavioralpatterns.Actingeitherdirectlyorthroughtheego,thesuperegoservestorepressorinhibitthedrivesoftheid,toblockofandthrustbackintotheunconsciousthoseimpulsestowardpleasurethatsocietyregardsasunacceptable.Theotherregulatingagent,thatwhichprimarilyfunctionstoprotectsociety,isthesuperego.pleasureprinciplerealityprinciplemoralityprincipledominatedThePsychologicalApproachinPracticeA.Harmlet:TheOedipusComplexB.HuckleberryFinn:RebellionAgainsttheFatherC.YoungGoodmanBrown:IdVersusSuperegoD.ToHisCoyMistress:SexualImageryE.EverydayUse:MoralityoverthePleasurePrincipleHarmlet:TheOedipusComplexErnestJonespointsoutthatHamletasapsychoneuroticwhosuffersfrommanic-depressivehysteriacombinedwithanabulia–allofwhichmaybetracedtothehero’sseverelyrepressedOedipalfeelings.Theusualoedipaltriangleofmother,son,andfatherhasbeenalteredbytheadditionofClaudiusinplaceofHamlet'soriginalfather.NowonderHamletlooksdisturbed.(fromtheBranaghversion)ThecharacteroftheghostandClaudiusaredramaticprojectionsofHamlet’sownconscious-unconsciousambivalencetowardthefatherfigure.Theghostrepresentstheconsciousidealoffatherhood.HisviewofClaudiusrepresentsHamlet’srepressedhostilitytowardhisfatherasarivalforhismother’saffection.RichardDadd's1840oilpaintingoftheclosetsceneHuckleberryFinn:RebellionAgainsttheFatherMissWatsonandpapFinnbothrepresentsocialandlegalmorality.InthelightofsuchauthoritybothMissWatsonandpapFinnmaybesaidtorepresentthesuperego.Inthissense,itistoescapetheoppressivetyrannyandcruelrestraintsofthesuperegothatHuckandJimtakeflightontheriver.Inthenovel,bothMissWatsonandpapFinnrepresentextremesofauthority..Lackingarealmother,Huckfindshissymbolicmotherintheriver;inFreudianterms,hereturnstothewomb.Fromthismatrixheundergoesaseriesofsymbolicdeathsandrebirths,punctuatedstructurallybytheepisodesonland.MarkTwain’sgreatnovelhasthisincommonwithHamlet:bothareconcernedwiththethemeofrebellion–withahostiletreatmentofthefatherfigure.YoungGoodmanBrown:IdVersusSuperegoThevillageisaplaceoflightandorder,bothsocialandspiritualorder.BrownleavesFaithbehindthetownatsunsetandreturnstoFaithinthemorning.Thejourneyintothewildnessistakeninthenight.IllustrationofBrownenteringtheheartofdarknessThevillage,asaplaceofsocialandmoralorderisanalogoustoFreud’ssuperego,conscience,themorallyinhibitingagentofthepsyche;theforest,asaplaceofwild,untamedpassionsandterrors,hastheattributesoftheFreudianid.Asmediatorbetweentheseopposingforces,Brownresemblesthepoorego,whichtriestoeffectahealthybalance.ToHisCoyMistress:SexualImageryThefireimage,whichsmoldersinstanza1andturnstoashesinstanza2,explodesintopassionintheconcludingstanza.Fire,intheunconscious,istheclassicsymbolofurethraleroticism.--MarieBonaparte•Greatliteraturehasalwaysdealtnotmerelywiththoseaspectsofhumanmindthatarepleasantandconsciousbutwiththetotalhumanmindpsyche,manyfacetsofwhicharebothunpleasantandunconscious.•TheenduringappealofMarvell'spoemderivesfromthiskindofartisticandhonestconfrontation.EverydayUse:MoralityoverthePleasurePrinciple•TwosymboliccomponentsofFreudiantheoryatwork:thesuperegoandtheid.•Maggie---twobasiccharacteristicsofthesuperego:order(theclean,neatyard)andguilt(shameover