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成本會計1葉誌崇教授1Chapter20直接成本法與利量分析DirectCosting,CVPAnalysisChapter3CVPAnalysis(Horngren12/e)Chapter10DeterminingHowCostsBehave(Horngren12/e)影響成本習性的因素FactorsInfluencingCostBehavior1.產生量的大小Volume2.成本本身的特性InherentNatureofCostItself(OwnorRent,PieceWorkWages)3.提供的產能ProvisionofCapacity4.管理政策與決策ManagerialPoliciesandDecision5.成本控制CostControl6.投入生產因素的價格PricePaidforInputItems7.會計方法的選擇AccountingMethod固定成本的再分類FurtherClassificationofNonvariableCosts1.既定成本CommittedCosts2.計劃成本Programmed(ManagedCosts)成本估計的方法CostEstimationApproaches1.工程法IndustrialEngineeringMethod2.研討會法ConferenceMethod3.高低點法High-LowMethod4.最小平方法MethodofLeastSquares傳統成本法ConventionalCosting1.定義Definition2.成本分攤的問題CostAllocationProblem:High-Tech,RoboticsTech,OverheadCost有增加之趨勢3.困擾與誤導Confusion&Misleading(1)P≠S時參閱p20-9(Carter)(2)PlannedProduction≠ActualProductionIdleCapacityVariance的問題4.InternalUsers內部使用者的困擾(1)損益兩平金額Break-EvenPoint(2)利潤規劃ProfitPlanning(3)Price>VariableCost,但小於AverageCost時的Decision(4)特殊訂單的決定SpecialOrder成本會計2葉誌崇教授2(5)自製或外包MakeorOutsourcing(6)放棄產品或部門的決策DropProductorDepartment直接成本法DirectCosting1定義Definition2克服傳統成本法(OvercomeConventionalCosting)的缺失3特點沒有數量差異直接成本法(DirectCosting)如何轉換成吸收成本法(AbsorptionCosting)利量分析的假設CVPAssumption1.TC可分為Fixed及VariableCost2.VC,Price在RelevantRanging是Linear3.邊際貢獻(ContributionMargin)是直線4.固定成本(FC)是常數5.銷售組合(SalesMixed)不變6.生產力Productivity,生產技術ProductionTech,市場狀況MarketCondition不變邊際貢獻與銷貨毛利(ComparisonofContributionMarginandGrossMargin)損益兩平圖與利量圖BreakEvenChartandCost-Volume-ProfitChart安全邊際MarginofSafetyUseof“Whatifanalysis”1.ChangesinSellingPrice2.ChangesinSalesVolume3.ChangesinSalesMix4.ChangesinVariableCost5.ChangesinFixedCostSensitivitytoVolumeChanges成本會計3葉誌崇教授3直接成本法補充資料(P20-7)QST公司FixedCost每年$1,200,000每季$300,000VariableCost每年$60(直接材料$30,直接人工$22,變動製造費用$8)變動銷管費用@$5固定銷管費用每年$800,000每季$200,000銷售價格@$100NormalCapacity每年80,000台2008年產銷資料如下:1234TotalBudget20,000台20,000台20,000台20,000台80,000台生產20,000台18,000台20,000台22,000台80,000台銷售20,000台20,000台18,000台18,000台76,000台假設採標準成本,沒有材料和人工的差異及製造費用的預算差異。採DirectCosting及AbsorptionCosting各季的淨利多少?請解釋差異的原因。※答案1234Direct$200,000$200,000$130,000$130,000Absorption$200,000$170,000$160,000$190,000計算式如下:DirectCosting1.($100-$60-$5)×20,000台-$30,000-$200,000=$20,0002.$35×20,000台-$500,000=$200,0003.$35×18,000台-$500,000=$130,0004.$35×18,000台-$500,000=$130,000AbsorptionCosting1.($100-$75)×20,000台-$5×20,000台-$200,000=$200,0002.$25×20,000台-$5×20,000台-$200,000-$30,000(不利的數量差異)=$170,0003.$25×18,000台-$5×18,000台-$200,000=160,0004.$25×18,000台-$5×18,000台-$200,000+$30,000(有利的數量差異)=$190,000請計算2008年QST公司每季和每年的損益兩平點(BEP)1.每季的BEP$500,000÷$35=14,285.7143台即$1,428,571.432.每年的BEP$2,000,000÷0.35=$5,714,285.7143假設QST公司稅前淨利$800,000,則應銷貨多少?($500,000+$800,000)÷0.35=$3,714,285.7143假設QST公司售價降至@$80,則BEP應多少?$500,000÷$15=33,333.33台即$80×33,333.33台=$2,666,666.4成本會計4葉誌崇教授4SalesMix(P20-21~P20-23)FC=$1,600,000ABSalesMixP$180$1101台VC100702台MC$80$401.A銷售1台,B銷售2台的損益兩平點?A1+B2收入$400VC240MC$160$1,600,000÷$160=10,000組∴A$180×10,000台=$1,800,000B$110×2×10,000台=$2,200,0002.如果A銷售1台,B銷售3台的損益兩平點?A1+B2收入180+110×3=$510VC100+70×3=310MC$200$1,600,000÷$200=8,000組3.如果A及B銷售各佔50%,則BEP各多少?A50%+B50%收入100=100VC27.8+31.8=59.6MC22.22*+18.18**=40.4BEP=$1,600,000÷0.404=$3,960,396.0396A應售11,001.1台,B應售18,001.8台*50×80/180=22.22**50×40/110=18.18
本文标题:直接成本法与利量分析
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