paraphrase-summarise(1)

WRITINGTECHNIQUESParaphrasing&summarisingPARAPHRASE•Paraphrasingistheprocessofrestatinginformationindifferentwords.•Whenweparaphrase,wemaintaintheoriginalmeaning,butwesayitinourownwords.•Goodparaphrasingskillsarenecessarytocreateeffectivesummaries,preparefortests,answeressaytestquestions,andavoidplagiarismwhenresearchingreports.TECHNIQUE•Replacingdifficultvocabularywordsorphraseswithwordsthestudentunderstands•Rewritinglengthyorcomplexsentencesintosimplersentences,orcombiningsimplesentencesintomoreinteresting,complexsentences•Explainingconceptsandabstractideasfromsentencesorpassagesusingmoreclearandconcisewording•Translatingideasandinformationintostudents’ownwordsTIPSFORPARAPHRASING1.KnowhowtochooseanduseadictionaryandathesaurusChooseeditionswhichareappropriatetoyourreadinglevel.2.Understandthecontext•Readthewholesentenceorseveralsentencesofthepassagetohaveatleastageneralunderstandingofthecontextinwhichwordsarebeingused.•Makesurethatthesynonymsyouuseinyourparaphrasedversiondonotchangethemeaningofthepassage.3.Use“semantic”paraphrasing:wordforword•Howasynonymisusedcanchangethemeaningofthewordorsentence.•Forexample:seek=findjob-seekersxjobfinders(betterequivalent:jobhunters)•Cover=close•Coverlosses=compensateforlosses•potential=possible,probable,likely•potentialcustomers=prospectiveclients•grow=plant•companiesneedtogrow=expandSometimesawordcanbereplacedbymorethanoneword:E.g.Workforce=peoplewhowork(staff)reduce=cutdownfamous=wellknowncontinuous=non-stop/on-goingtemporary=forthetimebeingdifferent=notthesamepunctual=ontimereliable=canbedependedupon(dependable/responsible)Rewritethefollowinginyourownwords:1.fast-changing2.excellentreputation3.goingglobal4.becomewidespread5.better-madeproducts6.movingintherightdirection7.counterattack8.workingonatightdeadline9.bringdramaticresults10.rapidadvances11.increasingconflictsofinterest12.growingrestrictionsANSWERKEY1.Developingquickly/evolving/advancing2.Verygoodname3.expandinginternationally4.Becomecommon5.Improvedgoods6.Takingtherightdecision7.Fightback8.workingwithinashorttimeline9.Achievegoodperformance10.Quickdevelopment11.moredisagreements12.Increasedlimitations/difficultiesParaphrasethefollowingsentences:1.Thisseemstobethewayforwardformostfirms.2.Offeringstaffopportunitiesfortraininghasapositiveimpactonmotivation.3.Highlycompetitivecompaniesdiscoveredthatbrandsmatteralmostasmuchasnewtechnology.4.Mobilephonesaretheworld’smostwidespreadcommunicationsdevices.5.ArevampedimagebreathedlifebackintotheGuccibrand.6.TheInternetaccountsforonlyatinysliceoftheoveralladvertisingpie.7.Morethanhalfthebudgethasgonedownthedrain.8.Payalonerarelykeepspeoplewithanemployer.9.Theolddefinitionsofmanufacturingarenolongerworthmuch.10.Theworldisariskyplace,especiallyforpeopleconcernedwithbusiness.11.Employerswanttohireemployeesforalong-termcareerratherthanaparticularjob.ANSWERKEY1.Thisisprobablytheonlywayformostcompanies.2.Givingemployeestrainingopportunitiesprovidesgoodmotivation.3.Rivalcompaniesfoundthatbrandsarenearlyasimportantasnewtechnology.4.Mobilephonesarethemostcommonlyusedcommunicationtoolaroundtheworld.5.AnimprovedimagebroughtbackbusinessfortheGuccibrand.6.TheInternetisonlyasmallpartofadvertising.7.Mostofthebudgethasbeenwasted.8.Salaryalonedoesnotensurestaffloyalty.9.Oldmethodsofproductionarenolongerimportant.10.Therearelotsofchallengesforbusinessmen.11.Employerspreferstaffthatareloyaltowhattheycando.4.Use“syntactic”paraphrasing•Inadditiontoreplacingkeywords,changethestructureoftheoriginalsentencesbyeitherinvertingtheorderofsentenceparts,breakingthemintoshortersentences,orcombiningsimplesentencesintocompoundandcomplexsentences.5.Rewritetheparaphrasedversion•Combinethevariouschangesnotedaboveandrewritethepassageinyourownwords.STRATEGIESAvoidcopyingDonotcopylongphrasesandwholesentences.BeconciseDonotbelong-winded,leaveoutexampleswhicharenotrelevantDonotchangeoriginalideasDonotincludeownideas.Usediscoursemarkers/transitionlinkersAllowforsmoothflowofideasandsentences(cohesionandcoherence).Eg.First,second,then,next,therefore,asaresult,however,inaddition,finally,inbrief,thus,inconclusion,etc.SUMMARISING1.Listthewriter’smainidea•Readthematerialanddistinguishthemainideasfromthedetails.2.Paraphrase•Useyourownwordsasmuchaspossible.Donotaddyourideasandcommentstothosepresentedinthetext.3.Focusonthemainpoints•Leaveoutirrelevantdetailssuchasexamples,statisticsandminordetails,wordyorunnecessaryexpressions.4.Checkforcohesion•Turnthemainideasintosentencesandcombinethemintoaparagraphusingtransitionalwords.•Usetransitionlinkerstomaintaincohesionandcoherence.Presentpointsinthesameorderoftheoriginaltext.•Includeatopicsentence.5.Keeptothewordlimit•Markswillonlybegiventothepointswrittenwithinthewordlimit.6.Proofread•Checkforgrammaticalerrorsandspellingmistakes.7.Writelegibly•Makesureyourhandwritingisclearandneat.APPLICATION•Practiceinsummarywriting•Samplesummaryprocess