Lesson-15-How-to-paraphrase-and-summarize英语写作

SummarizingandParaphrasingOWLofPurdueUniversityI.Quoting,Paraphrasing,andSummarizing1.Differencesamongquoting,paraphrasing,andsummarizingThesethreewaysofincorporatingotherwriters'workintoyourownwritingdifferaccordingtotheclosenessofyourwritingtothesourcewriting.Quotationsmustbeidenticaltotheoriginal,usinganarrowsegmentofthesource.Theymustmatchthesourcedocumentwordforwordandmustbeattributedtotheoriginalauthor.Paraphrasinginvolvesputtingapassagefromsourcematerialintoyourownwords.Aparaphrasemustalsobeattributedtotheoriginalsource.Paraphrasedmaterialisusuallyshorterthantheoriginalpassage,takingasomewhatbroadersegmentofthesourceandcondensingitslightly.Summarizinginvolvesputtingthemainidea(s)intoyourownwords,includingonlythemainpoint(s).Onceagain,itisnecessarytoattributesummarizedideastotheoriginalsource.Summariesaresignificantlyshorterthantheoriginalandtakeabroadoverviewofthesourcematerial.2.Whyusequotations,paraphrases,andsummaries?Quotations,paraphrases,andsummariesservemanypurposes.Youmightusethemto:Providesupportforclaimsoraddcredibilitytoyourwriting;Refertoworkthatleadsuptotheworkyouarenowdoing;Giveexamplesofseveralpointsofviewonasubject;Callattentiontoapositionthatyouwishtoagreeordisagreewith;Highlightaparticularlystrikingphrase,sentence,orpassagebyquotingtheoriginal;Distanceyourselffromtheoriginalbyquotingitinordertocuereadersthatthewordsarenotyourown;Expandthebreadthordepthofyourwriting.Writersfrequentlyintertwinesummaries,paraphrases,andquotations.Aspartofasummaryofanarticle,achapter,orabook,awritermightincludeparaphrasesofvariouskeypointsblendedwithquotationsofstrikingorsuggestivephrasesasinthefollowingexample:InhisfamousandinfluentialworkTheInterpretationofDreams,SigmundFreudarguesthatdreamsaretheroyalroadtotheunconscious(page#),expressingincodedimagerythedreamer'sunfulfilledwishesthroughaprocessknownasthedream-work(page#).AccordingtoFreud,actualbutunacceptabledesiresarecensoredinternallyandsubjectedtocodingthroughlayersofcondensationanddisplacementbeforeemerginginakindofrebuspuzzleinthedreamitself(page#).3.Howtousequotations,paraphrases,andsummaries?Itmightbehelpfultofollowthesesteps:Readtheentiretext,notingthekeypointsandmainideas.Summarizeinyourownwordswhatthesinglemainideaoftheessayis.Paraphraseimportantsupportingpointsthatcomeupintheessay.Consideranywords,phrases,orsentencesthatyoubelieveshouldbequoteddirectly.Thereareseveralwaystointegratequotationsintoyourtext.Often,ashortquotationworkswellwhenintegratedintoasentence.Longerquotationscanstandalone.Rememberthatquotingshouldbedoneonlysparingly;besurethatyouhaveagoodreasontoincludeadirectquotationwhenyoudecidetodoso.You'llfindguidelinesforcitingsourcesandpunctuatingcitationsatourdocumentationguidepages.II.Paraphrasing:WriteItinYourOwnWords1.Aparaphraseis...yourownrendition(演绎，翻译)ofessentialinformationandideasexpressedbysomeoneelse,presentedinanewform.onelegitimateway(whenaccompaniedbyaccuratedocumentation)toborrowfromasource.amoredetailedrestatementthanasummary,whichfocusesconciselyonasinglemainidea.2.Paraphrasingisavaluableskillbecause...itisbetterthanquotinginformationfromanundistinguishedpassage.ithelpsyoucontrolthetemptationtoquotetoomuch.thementalprocessrequiredforsuccessfulparaphrasinghelpsyoutograspthefullmeaningoftheoriginal.3.SixStepstoEffectiveParaphrasing1)Rereadtheoriginalpassageuntilyouunderstanditsfullmeaning.2)Settheoriginalaside,andwriteyourparaphraseonanotecard.3)Jotdownafewwordsbelowyourparaphrasetoremindyoulaterhowyouenvisionusingthismaterial.Atthetopofthenotecard,writeakeywordorphrasetoindicatethesubjectofyourparaphrase.4)Checkyourrenditionwiththeoriginaltomakesurethatyourversionaccuratelyexpressesalltheessentialinformationinanewform.5)Usequotationmarkstoidentifyanyuniquetermorphraseologyyouhaveborrowedexactlyfromthesource.6)Recordthesource(includingthepage)onyournotecardsothatyoucancredititeasilyifyoudecidetoincorporatethematerialintoyourpaper.4.SomeexamplestocompareParaphrasingreferstorewritingagivensentenceusingyourownwords.Whenweneedtouseasentenceinourwritingthatsomeoneelsewrote,weparaphraseit.Thatis,weusethesameidea(s)inthatsentenceandwriteitdifferently.Inadditiontousingdifferentwords,weusedifferentgrammar.Themainpurposeofparaphrasinghastodowithbeingabletousesomeoneelse’sideaswhilewewriteourowntexts.Ofcourse,itisrequiredthatanywriteracknowledgestheoriginalsourceusingthepropercitationformat.Example1:Originalsentence:Theshoestoreisclosedbecauseofthebadweatherconditions.Inappropriateparaphrase:Theshoestoreisclosedbecauseofthebadweather.Comments:Thisparaphrasehastoomanywordsrepeated;forexample,“Theshoestoreisclosedbecauseof”arerepeated.Itisimportanttousedifferentwordsanddifferentgrammaticalstructures,whilekeepingthesamemeaningoftheoriginalsentence.Appropriateparaphrase:Sincetheweatheristerrible,theshoestoreisnotopenComments:Ascanbeseenintheaboveexample,inadditiontousingdifferentwords,thegrammaticalstructureofthesentencewaschangedbystartingwiththesecondpart(dependentclause)oftheoriginalsentence.Example2:Theor