内分泌英文文章

1.ABBREVIATIONSIADHsyndromeofinappropriateantidiuretichormonesecretionThesyndromeofinappropriatesecretionofantidiuretichormone(SIADH)isadisorderinwhichwaterexcretionispartiallyimpairedbecauseoftheinabilitytosuppressthesecretionofADH.Inseverecases,theurineoutputdoesnotexceedoneliterperday,despiteawaterintakewellabovethislevel.Theensuingwaterretentionleadstothedevelopmentofhyponatremia.Thesyndromeisdefinedbythehyponatremiaandhypo-osmolalityTPPthyrotoxicperiodicparalysisThyrotoxicperiodicparalysis(TTP)isararecomplicationofhyperthyroidism,morecommoninAsianmalesbetweenthesecondandfourthdecadesoflifeandischaracterizedbythyrotoxicosis,hypokalemiaandproximalmuscleweakness.Thyrotoxicnormokalemicperiodicparalysisisarareentityandhassofaronlybeenreportedinadultmales.Patientswiththyrotoxicperiodicparalysishaverecurrentmuscularweaknessofthefourextremities,affectingmainlythelowerextremities.Theonsetofparalyticattacksusuallycoincideswiththeonsetofhyperthyroidism,thoughovertfindingsofthyrotoxicosisarerarelypresentwiththeinitialparalyticattack.Insomecases,theperiodicparalysisisthesolemanifestationofthehyperthyroidism2.AITDautoimmunethyroiddiseaseAutoimmunethyroiddiseasesarecommondiseasesthatoccurwhenthethyroidglandisattackedbytheimmunesystem.Autoimmunethyroiddiseasesresultinabnormalfunctioningofthethyroidgland.Inautoimmunethyroiddiseases,thethyroidglandiseitheroveractiveorunderactive.AutoimmunethyroiddiseasesincludeGraves'diseaseandHashimoto'sthyroiditis.Autoimmunethyroiddiseasesaremorecommoninwomenthaninmen.TheautoimmunethyroiddiseasecalledHashimoto'sthyroiditisoccursmostofteninfemalesbetweentheagesof30and50years.TheHashimoto'sthyroiditisalsoappearstohaveageneticcomponentbecauseitcanruninfamilies.PeopleovertheageoffiftywhohavehypertensionoratherosclerosisareatriskfordevelopingtheautoimmunethyroiddiseasecalledGraves'disease.3.PPTpostpartumthyroiditisPostpartumthyroiditisisaphenomenonobservedfollowingpregnancyandmayinvolvehyperthyroidism,hypothyroidismorthetwosequentially.Itaffectsabout5%ofallwomenwithinayearaftergivingbirth.Thefirstphaseistypicallyhyperthyroidism.Then,thethyroideitherreturnstonormalorawomandevelopshypothyroidism.Ofthosewomenwhoexperiencehypothyroidismassociatedwithpostpartumthyroiditis,oneinfivewilldeveloppermanenthypothyroidismrequiringlife-longtreatment.Postpartumthyroiditisisbelievedtoresultfromthemodificationstotheimmunesystemnecessaryinpregnancy,andhistologicallyisasubacutelymphocyticthyroiditis.Theprocessisnormallyself-limiting,butwhenconventionalantibodiesarefoundthereisahighchanceofthisproceedingtopermanenthypothyroidism.Postpartumthyroiditisisamemberofthegroupofthyroiditisconditionsknownasresolvingthyroiditis.4.PHPpseudohypoparathyroidismPseudohypoparathyroidismisaconditionassociatedprimarilywithresistancetotheparathyroidhormone.Patientshavealowserumcalciumandhighphosphate,buttheparathyroidhormonelevel(PTH)isactuallyappropriatelyhigh(duetothehypocalcemia).ItspathogenesishasbeenlinkedtodysfunctionalGProteins(inparticular,Gsalphasubunit).GDMgestationaldiabetesmellitusGestationaldiabetes(orgestationaldiabetesmellitus,GDM)isaconditioninwhichwomenwithoutpreviouslydiagnoseddiabetesexhibithighbloodglucoselevelsduringpregnancy.Gestationaldiabetesgenerallyhasfewsymptomsanditismostcommonlydiagnosedbyscreeningduringpregnancy.Diagnostictestsdetectinappropriatelyhighlevelsofglucoseinbloodsamples.Gestationaldiabetesaffects3-10%ofpregnancies,dependingonthepopulationstudied.Nospecificcausehasbeenidentified,butitisbelievedthatthehormonesproducedduringpregnancyincreaseawoman'sresistancetoinsulin,resultinginimpairedglucosetolerance.5.IGTimpairedglucosetoleranceImpairedglucosetolerance(IGT)isapre-diabeticstateofdysglycemiathatisassociatedwithinsulinresistanceandincreasedriskofcardiovascularpathology.IGTmayprecedetype2diabetesmellitusbymanyyears.IGTisalsoariskfactorformortality.AccordingtothecriteriaoftheWorldHealthOrganizationandtheAmericanDiabetesAssociation,impairedglucosetoleranceisdefinedas:two-hourglucoselevelsof140to199mgperdL(7.8to11.0mmol)onthe75-goralglucosetolerancetest.ApatientissaidtobeundertheconditionofIGTwhenhe/shehasanintermediatelyraisedglucoselevelafter2hours,butlessthanwouldqualifyfortype2diabetesmellitus.Thefastingglucosemaybeeithernormalormildlyelevated6.IFTimpairedfastingglycaemiaorimpairedfastingglucoseImpairedfastingglycaemiaorimpairedfastingglucose(IFG)referstoaconditioninwhichthefastingbloodglucoseiselevatedabovewhatisconsiderednormallevelsbutisnothighenoughtobeclassifiedasdiabetesmellitus.Itisconsideredapre-diabeticstate,associatedwithinsulinresistanceandincreasedriskofcardiovascularpathology,althoughoflesserriskthanimpairedglucosetolerance(IGT).IFGsometimesprogressestotype2diabetesmellitus.Thereisa50%riskover10yearsofprogressingtoovertdiabetes.IFGhasnosymptomsandcanoftengoundiagnosedforyears.Althoughtherearenosymptoms,manypeoplediagnosedwithIFGareoverweight.Nineoutof10peoplewithIFGhavehighbloodpressure,raisedcholesterollevelsorafamilyhistoryofthecondition.MODYmaturityonsetdiabetesmellitusiny