自然科学奖与20世纪重大科学成就看科技原始创新的规律

200012()Dec.,2000204(54)JournalofXianJiaotongUniversity(SocialSciences)Vol.20(SumNo.54)320(,100091)[]20,,,,,;;;;;[];;[]G305[]A[]1008-245X(2000)04-0003-09LawandEnlightenmentViewingtheLawsoftheScientificOriginalInnovationfromtheNobelNaturalSciencePrizeandSignificantScientificAchievementsofTwentiethCenturyLUYong2xiang(ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100091,China)AbstractBasedonthestatisticsandanalysisoftheawardingoftheNobelnaturalscienceprizeinthetwenti2ethcentury,anumberofcasesoftheawardingoftheNobelnaturalscienceprizearelisted.Explorationshavebeenmadeoverthelawsforthescientiststomakesignificantachievements.Thepaperpointsoutthatsignificanttheoriescannotbecreatedandformeduntiltheyhaveexperiencedalong-termdisputeandrecognizedbyrepeatedverifica2tions.Theimportantdiscoveriesoftheoriginalnatureresultmainlyfromthesharpobservationoftheexperimentedfactsandexperimentswithuniqueoriginality.Afinescientificfoundationandfrontandcrossresearchmaytriggersignificantscientificdiscoveries.Thescientificsorting-outandexplorationcanalsobringaboutnewimportantdis2coveriesandtheoreticalinnovations.Thepaperhaspresentedcrucialenlighteningviewpoints,suchastheideathatyoungandmiddle-agedpeopleareofthepeakagewheninnovativeachievementscanbemade.KeywordsNobelnaturalscienceprize;significantscientificachievement;scientificandtechnologicalinnovation20,,,[]2000-09-17[],,,,,,,,320003,20,,,,,,,21,,,,,20,,,,,,,,(),18951127,,,:,,,,,,1900,,5,19011968,1969,,,,,,,(8,),365(10%20%)21,,,,6,910,1115,3():;;19011999,457(1,2,2)93,159;91,132;90,16999,11,,58.7%;22.8%,,18.5%,20/,414:20,,;(D.R.Herschbach,1932)(Y.T.Lee,1937)(J.C.Polanyi,1929)1986119011999%8654.14427.72918.27153.82619.73526.511366.93520.72112.4119011999,,,()1.,22,22-13712121118743333:1592-22422622845332:1322-3380221487745433:1692.2190119992,19011925,,19261950,19511975,,19751999,:;;;()19011999,185,20%3,69%;12.4%5,46%;4%10,22%;5():(1);(2),,33(19011999)107,4%102,22%1.232.173.154.145.136.107.10523,12.4%211,46%8.89.810.811.MIT812.813.714.715.716.717..718.619.620.621.622.523.IBM5337,20%;318,69%24.425.426.427.428.429.330.331.332.333.()334.(.)335.336.337.331:185,460;2:,,,,,(N.H.D.Bohr,18851962)(E.Fermi,19011954),,;,192526500,75,11()()1.3-1(145)3-2(131)2545,2158,36.12550,2158,38.76:203-3/(65)/3045,2358,38.9:25504-1(:52.2)2.4-2(:54.3)3.1901199916.1,15.4,18.14-3/(:57),:19011925l1.6,1926195010.7,1951197513.9,1976199919.5,,,4.,,190119252737.2,192619602335,195119752837.1(),,;,,1.1(A.A.Michelson,18521931)(E.W.Morley,18381923);(H.A.Lorentz,18531928),;(A.Einstein,18791955),1921,,19051916,207()2.2(J.C.Maxwell,18311879),;(M.K.E.L.Planck,18581947),,,19183.3(H.Staudinger,18811965),,,10,,,,1953()1.4X189611,(W.C.Ront2gen;18451923),,1,,,19012.5DNA(A.D.Hershey,1908),DNA,DNA(M.Delbruck,19061981)(S.E.Luria,1912)1969/3.6(B.McClintock,19021992),,(G.Mendel,18221884),,1983/(),1.7,,1930,(F.O.Lawrence,19011958),19392.820,,(G.Binning,1947)(H.Rohrer,1933)50(E.Ruska,19061988)19863.9(StevenChu,1948),,-(C.Cohen-Tan2noudji,1933)(W.Phillips,1948)1997(),,,,1.10(A.Fleming,18741965)1928,,8:20,,(E.B.Chain,19061979)(H.W.Florey,18981968)1946/,,1944,(S.A.Waksman,18881974),,,40,,,1954/2.11,6,(I.I.Rabi,18981988)1944;1946(F.Bloch,19051983)(E.M.Purcell,1912),1952;(A.Kastler,1902)1966;(R.Ernst,1933)1991,3.1240,(W.B.Shockley,19101989)(J.Bafdeen,1908)(W.H.Brattain,19021987)101958,(T.S.C.Kilby,1923),19564.13(C.H.Townes,1915)(H.,1922)(A.M.1916),1964;,,(D.Gabor,19001979),1971(),1.14(A.A.penzias,18941984)(R.W.Wilson,1936),3.5K,,,,19782.151932,(J.chadwick,18911974),(E.Rutherfofd,18711937),,:94Be+42126C+10n:115B+42147N+10n1935(),1.16(W.K.Heisenberg,19011976)(E.Schrodinger,18871961),(P.A.M.Dirac,19021984),,193219332.17(H.A.Hauptman,1917)(J.Karle,1918),9()X,,,19853.181969,,,(..,19121986)1975;(L.R.Klein,1920)1980;(J.Tobin,1918)1981,.(J.vonNeumann,19031967)(O.Morganstain,19021977),20,(),1.19(N.H.D.Bohr,18851962),19222.20(..,18341907),,,3.21DNA(J.D.Watson,1928)(F.H.C.Crick,1916)(IC.Pauling,19011994)DNA(R.Franklin,19201958)DNAX(M.H.F.Wilkins,1916),,DNA,,1962(),,,,,10,,,,,(),3040,,,,,,20(),:,,;DNA;,,,,,,,()(25),(17),(1101:20)IBM(5),,,,,,,,:1.,,,,2.,:,,,,,,,,,,,,;3.,,,,,R&D,,4.,,,,,,,;,,,,,,(:)11()