初中英语语法-非谓语动词

非谓语动词一.定义：非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，即动词的非谓语形式。约占中考10%。二.分类：动词不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词。1.动词不定式1)构成：(not)todo/(not)do2)句法功能：（1）作主语：Tofinishtheworkintenminutesisveryhard.十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。Toloseyourheartmeansfailure.灰心意味着失败。动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：Itisveryhardtofinishtheworkintenminutes.十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。Itmeansfailuretoloseyourheart.灰心意味着失败。常用句式：It+be+名词+todosth.Ittakessb.+sometime+todosth.It+be+形容词+of/forsb+todosth.常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。区别：当使用for时，句中形容词修饰的是不定式；It’snecessaryforyoutostudyhard.（necessary修饰tostudyhard，表示学习努力是有必要的）而用of时，句中形容词修饰逻辑主语。It’sfoolishofhimtodoit.（foolish修饰逻辑主语him）（2）作表语：Herjobistocleanthehall.她的工作是打扫大厅。seem作连系动词，其后的tobe不定式可省。Sheseemstobeilltoday.=Sheseemsill.=Itseemsthatsheisill.（3）作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,Ihopetogetgoodgrades.Iwanttohelpyou.注意：①如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面。Ifounditdifficulttolearnmathwell.②动词不定式也可充当介词宾语。Ihavenochoicebuttostayhere.我只能留在这里，别无选择。HedidnothinglastSundaybutrepairhisbike.他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。③动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用。HegaveussomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.他给了我们一些学英语的建议。（4）作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,callon,waitfor,invite.有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to,Isawhimcrosstheroad.Hewasseentocrosstheroad.（5）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.（6）作状语：①表目的：Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney.他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。Shesoldherhairtobuythewatchchain.她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果意料之外)，常位于句尾。Hearrivedlateonlytofindthetrainhadgone.他来晚了，只见火车已经走了。Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout.我去拜访他，只见他出去了。③表原因：heywereverysadtohearthenews.他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。④表程度：It'stoodarkforustoseeanything.太暗了，我们什么也看不见。⑤表条件：不定式表条件常位于句首。Tobeheated，liquidwillchangeintogas.如果受热，液体就会变成气体。⑥表方式:不定式可接在asif/asthough之后Hemovedhismouthasiftosaysomething.他嘴唇动了动，好像要说什么事。（7）不定式做独立成分Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tlikeit.告诉你实话，我不喜欢它。（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。Ifyoudon'twanttodoit,youdon'tneedto.如果你不想做这件事，你就不必做。（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。Hewishedtostudymedicineandbecomeadoctor.他希望学医并成为医生。2.v-ing形式1）分类：v-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词，2）句法功能：（1）作主语：Readingaloudisveryhelpful.朗读是很有好处的。（2）作表语：Intheantcity,thequeen'sjobislayingeggs.在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。（3）作宾语：Theyhaven'tfinishedbuildingthedam.他们还没有建好大坝。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid,excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit（承认），deny（否认）,mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk（冒险）,appreciate（感激）,bebusy,beworth,feellike,can'tstand,can'thelp（情不自禁地）,thinkof,dreamof,befondof,prevent…(from),keep…from,stop…（from）,protect…from,spend…(in),succeedin,beusedto,lookforwardto,payattentionto,insiston,（4）作定语：Isthereaswimmingpoolinyourschool?你们学校有游泳池吗？3.过去分词1）构成：-ed2）句法功能：（1）做定语OurclasswentonanorganizedtriplastMonday.上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。（2）做宾语补足语Iheardthesongsungseveraltimeslastweek.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。（3）做表语Theywerefrightenedatthesadsight.他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。注意：1.有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1）forgettodo忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forgetdoing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stoptodo停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事3）remembertodo记住去做某事（未做）rememberdoing记得做过某事(已做)4)regrettodo对要做的事遗憾regretdoing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5）trytodo尽全力，努力做某事trydoing尝试做某事6)meantodo打算，有意要…meandoing意味着7）goontodo继而（去做另外一件事情）goondoing继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）proposetodo打算（要做某事）proposingdoing建议（做某事）9)learntodo…学着去做某事learndoing…学会做某事10)can’thelptodo…不能帮助做某事can’thelpdoing…情不自禁做某事11)usedtodo…过去做某事beusedtodoing…习惯做某事12）e/love/hate/prefer+todo表示具体行为；+doingsth表示抽象、倾向概念（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。Ishouldliketoseehimtomorrow．13）need,want,deserve+动名词表被动意义；Theroomneedscleaning.+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。2.常考句式：1）see/watch/notice/hear/findsb.doingsth.强调动作正在进行see/watch/notice/hear/findsb.todosth.强调动作发生的事实2)keepsb.doingsth.让某人做某事3）finishdoingsth.做完某事4）spendtime/money(in)doingsth.花费时间/金钱做某事5）havedifficulty/troubledoingsth.做某事有困难6）how/whataboutdoingsth?做某事怎么样？（提建议）【模拟题】一．根据句意，用所给动词的适当形式填空。1.Isitnecessary____________(learn)aforeignlanguage?2.Heisgoodat_____________(swim).3.Doyouhaveanything____________(say)foryourself?4.It’sspringnow.it’stime_____________(plant)trees.5.Don’tkeepme_______(wait)foralongtime.6.Thepolicemantoldtheboysnot____________(play)inthestreet.7.Hersonistooyoung__________(dress)himself.8.Let’s__________(have)arest,shallwe?9.Thespeakerspoketooquicklyforus____________(understand).10.Thelittleboyisnotoldenough________(read).11.Iaskedhim__________(show)mehisnewpen.12.Knivesareusedfor______________(cut)things.13.Ireallydon’tknowwhat__________(do)next.14.Ioftenhearpeople_________(say)“__________(see)is____________(believe)”.15.You’dbetter_________(try)thismedicine.16.Theysaidtheyhadnothing_________(worry)about.17.Canyoufinish___________(read)thebookinthreedays?18.Thedoctorwasbusy____________(operate)ontheboyatthattime.19.______(tell)youthetruth,Idislikemakingfriendswithhim.20.Stop___________(talk)andlistentomecarefully.21.Thankyouverymuchfor____________(help)us.22.Grannyisveryillandshedoesn’tfeellike___________(eat)anyt