牛津高中英语模块3.4语法内容.

定语从句1.定语从句的结构及理解2.定语从句的关系词的使用3.定语从句的简化表达知识总结归纳(一定语从句的结构:在复合句中,修饰某个名词或代词的句子(做这个名词或代词的定语叫定语从句,定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面,被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词,它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接,这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词(关系代词或关系副词:that,which,who,whose,when,where,why。先行词在定语从句中充当主语,宾语,时间,地点,原因状语。结构:先行词+关系词+定语从句。1.Thereshesawawallofwaterthatwasquicklyadvancingtowardsher.2.InJapan,someonewhoseesanotherpersonmakingthegesturewillthinkitmeansmoney.3.Athemeparkisacollectionofrides,exhibitionsorotherattractionsthatarebasedonacommontheme.4.TheparkhasaconservationcenterthathelpsprotectmarineanimalsandtheirhabitatsintheriversandcoastalwatersofAsia.5.Visitorscangoonexcitingrideswheretheycanfeelwhatitisliketodothethingstheyhaveseentheirheroesdointhemovie.6.OprahWinfreyisablackwomanwhoserisetofameisaninspiringstory.(二定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句:限定性定语从句:从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明,缺少它,则句义显得不完整,从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句:对先行词进行补充说明,解释,它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。1.Beforeshecouldmove,sheheardaloudnoise,whichgrewtoaterribleroar.2.Treeaftertreewentdown,cutdownbythewater,whichmusthavebeenthreemetersdeep.3.Flora,whosebeautifulhairanddresswereallcoldandwet,startedcrying.4.Theirtalkincludesrhythmandrhymingwordsaswellastonguetwisters,whichoftenmaketheaudienceapplaud.(三关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词,这些关系词在介词后面常用which或whom.1.TherewasamanwithwhomIwouldhavetoworktogetherandfinallythemanagerofthecompany.2.Manypeoplewhosawthefilmwereafraidtoswimintheseawhentheyrememberedthescenesinwhichpeoplewereeatenbytheshark.知识重点与难点(一当先行词有最高级,序数词修饰,是不定代词,或是all,no,only等形式时,关系代词一般用that,而不能用which。1.TheTitanicwasthelargestshipthathadeverbeenbuiltatthattime.2.Thereisonethingthatkeepsworryingme.(二当先行词是表示时间,地点,原因的词时,关系词用when,where,why还有which,that1.I’mverygladtoreturntomyhometownwhereIhadlivedfor10years.2.ThisismyhometownwhichIusedtotalkabouttoyou.3.IthinkIcanunderstandthereasonwhyhedidn’ttellthetruthtome.4.Noonebelievesthereasonthathegaveusabouthisabsenceatthemeeting.(三定语从句的简化表达:1.ThemanwhoissittingontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.2.Theletterthatwasmailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.3.Thequestionthatisbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.4.Youarewelcometoapartytobegiveninourclassat7:45.说明:以上的定语从句部分可以用更加简单的非谓语形式表达出来:1.ThemansittingontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.2.Thelettermailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.3.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.4.Youarewelcometoapartytobegiveninourclassat7:45.说明:修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外,还可以用非谓语动词形式:doing短语,done短语,beingdone短语,tobedone短语修饰。其结构和意思如下:1.被修饰名词+doing短语:正在做….的人/正在发生的事。2.被修饰名词+done短语:被…..的人/事3.被修饰名词+beingdone短语:正在被…..的人/事4.被修饰名词+tobedone短语:将要被…..的人/事(1Doyouknowthemantalkingtomysister?(2The“crazy”gesture,movingtheindexfingerinacircleinfrontoftheear,means“youhaveaphonecall”inBrazil.(3Didyouseethatcarbeingrepaired?(4Inacamera,thelensmustbefocusedontheobjecttobephotographed.(5Thestudentstoattendthemeetingwillarriveheretomorrow.(6GoodsimportedfromabroadarenotalwaysbetterthanthosemadeinChina.(7TheYellowRiver,saidtobe“themotherriver”runsacrossChinalikeahugedragon.总结:以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词,不定式的各种形式作定语。1.这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面。如果单独一个V-ing或V-ed形式作定语,则可以放在被修饰名词前面。2.分词作定语时,其动作应与全句动作同时发生。V-ing表示主动意义和正在做,V-ed表示被动意义。beingdone表示正在被做的3.不定式作定语表示将要发生的,tobedone表示将要被做的情态动词1.情态动词的推测表达2.情态动词表达虚拟语气3.某些情态动词的特殊用法知识重点与难点总结知识重点:情态动词在表达推测意义的句子中的运用:(一用情态动词表达事实的推测。can,could,might,may,must可以用来表达对事实的推测。根据说话人对事实的把握性大小,must表示“肯定…”,may/might/can/could表示“可能……”,must只用于肯定句中,may/might的否定式maynot/mightnot表示“可能不……”,而can/could可以用于疑问句,表示“可能,可能……吗?”,其否定式can’t/couldn’t表示“不可能”。用情态动词可以对现在或过去的事实进行推测。对不同的时间内容推测有不同的结构。(二对现在的事实进行推测:主要结构:…must/may/might+动词原形be+名词/形容词/介词短语be+doing例句:1.YoumustbeJeanne.I’mMathildeLoisel.Weusedtoknoweachotherverywell.2.Theymustbeinbedalreadyatthistimeofthenight.3.Theteachermustbejoking.4.Fredaisn’tinclass.Shemustbesick.5.Theremustbesomethingwrong.6.Shemightbeveryclever,butshehasn’tgotmuchcommonsense.7.Hemaybearrivingthisevening.8.Hemaybetravelingaroundtheworld.9.Thekeyscan’tbeintheroom.Ihavejustsearcheditverycarefully.10.Canthenewsbetrue?(三对过去的事实进行推测:结构:情态动词+havedone/been+名词/形容词/介词短语例句:1.Mrs.Longmansmusthavebeenaprettygirlinheryouth.2.Hecouldn’thaveseenAnnayesterday.She’sgoneabroad.3.IthinkImusthaveleftmyglassesinthelibrary.4.Hemighthaveoversleptagain.5.WherecanTomhavegone?情态动词表达虚拟语气:表达“本来…”,“不然早就…”。这是情态动词的一种虚拟语气用法。表示说话人所讲的与所发生的事实相反。表达了说话人的埋怨,后悔的语气。其结构是在一些情态动词后面加havedone结构。根据要表达的意思,有如下结构:shouldhavedone/oughttohavedone:本应该……shouldn’thavedone/oughtn’ttohavedone:本不该……couldhavedone:本来可以……needn’thavedone:本来没必要……wouldliketohavedone:本来很想……wouldrathernothavedone:本来不愿意……could/might/havedone:不然早就……例句:1.Youshouldn’thavelaughedathismistakes.2.Youcouldhavetoldusearlier.3.Ioughttohaveboughtthatdictionarylastweek.4.Yououghtnottohavespentsomuchtimeinreadingnovels.5.Weneednothavebeeninatearinghurrytocatchthetrain.6.Theywouldliketohaveseenthatfilmlastfilm.7.Ifhehadgivenmehisnumber,Icouldhavetelephonedhim.8.Theymighthavebeenfrozentodeathbutfortherescueintime.知识难点:某些情态动词的特殊用法:need和dare的两种形式的用法need和dare可以用做实义动词,后面接不定式(todo结构,在疑问句和否定句中,加助动词do/does/did/或don’t/doesn’t/didn’t。作为情态动词使用时,主要用于疑问句和否定句中。情态动词needn’t(没有必要,不必相当于don’thaveto例句:1.Itiscold,youneed