2015年-饲用抗生素的替代品

饲用抗生素的替代品SeminarNationalFeedEngeneering&ResearchTechnologyCentre中国饲料工程研究中心论坛JanCortenbachChiefTechnicalOfficerDeHeus-WellhopeShanghai11November,2015FeedAlternativesforAGPAGPAlternativesInthelate1940’santibioticswerediscoveredasgrowthpromotingsubstances.在20世纪40年代，发现抗生素具有促生长作用。In1968theSwannreportspokeaboutrisksofAGPinanimalfeed1968年Swann报道，饲料中添加抗生素具有风险性。•Resistanceofbacteria细菌的耐药性•Transmissionofresistancetohuman抗生素导致人类也产生耐药性July1999EUsuspendedthelicenceforseveralmajorAGP1999年7月，欧盟取消了几个主要抗生素许可证的发放。INEUonlymonensinsodium,salinomycinsodium,avilamycin,flavophospholipolwereallowedbetweenJuly1999andJanuary2006在1999年7月至2006年1月，欧盟仅仅允许使用莫能菌素钠，盐霉素钠，阿美拉霉素，黄霉素。FromJanuary2006allAGPwereforbidden从2006年1月起，欧盟全面禁用抗生素。WhatareAGP’sdoing?抗生素的作用？Theysuppressexcessgrowthofbacteriainthedigestivetract抑制消化道细菌的过度生长Sobetterfeedefficiency提高饲料转化率TheysuppressGram-positivebacteriainthedigestivetract抑制消化道革兰氏阳性菌的生长Soamorestablegutflora肠道菌群更稳定TheyhavealimitedeffectonGram-negative,pathogenicbacteria对革兰氏阴性致病菌作用有限。McDonald’sannouncedworldwideantibioticfreeproductsfrom1.3billionkgofchicken,beefandporkin30.000restaurantsaroundtheworldmaybetriggeringanendtoantibiotics!麦当劳宣布全球范围内3万个餐厅使用的130万吨鸡肉、牛肉和猪肉都是无抗产品，这可能也进一步促使抗生素时代的终结。ConsequencesofremovalofAGP’s不使用抗生素结果Reductionoflivability成活率降低Decreaseinbodyweight体重降低Increaseoffeedconversionrate料肉比高Lessuniformity均匀度下降Increaseoftherapeutics治疗费用增加BanofAGPinSwedenin19861986年瑞典禁用抗生素Dailyweightgain-10%平均日增重降低10%Feedconversionrate+8%料肉比增加8%Mortality+10–15%死亡率增加10-15%ExperienceinDenmark丹麦经验2000:“Voluntary”banonallAGP2000年，自愿禁用抗生素62%ofthefarmsnoproblem62%的猪场没有出现问题26%temporarilydisbalance26%的猪场偶尔出现问题11%permanentproblems11%经常出现问题Pigs:nodifferenceingrowthandmortality对于大猪而言，增重和死亡率无明显的差异。Piglets:somewhatlowergrowthandsomewhatincreasedmortality对于仔猪而言，某种程度上讲，增重降低，死亡率提高；Effectivemeasures:有效措施Feedingstrategy:oftenfeeding,meal,Protein,Barley饲喂策略：少喂勤添、粉料、蛋白含量、大麦Management:laterweaning?!管理措施：推迟断奶Alternativeproducts:……替代品UnderthosecircumstancesAGP’sshouldnotjustberemovedfromfeed在上述条件下，不能简单的将抗生素去掉THEYALSOHAVETOBEREPLACED必须寻找抗生素的替代品WecannotreplaceAGP’swithasinglefeedadditive而这种替代品不能仅仅依靠单一饲料添加剂WENEEDNEWFEEDINGCONCEPTS我们需要新的饲喂方案Alternativestrategies:替代方案：1.Acidifiers酸化剂2.Oligosaccharides(Prebiotics)低聚寡糖（益生元）3.Enzymes酶制剂4.Cellwallfragments细胞壁5.Phytobiotics(Herbs/Flavours)植物抗生素（中草药/香精）6.Minerals矿物质7.Probiotics益生菌8.Non-starchpolysaccharides非淀粉多糖9.Proteinandaminoacids蛋白和氨基酸10.Dietaryingredientsandfeedpresentation日粮原料组成及饲料形态11.Managementandhusbandrytechniques管理和饲养技术1.ACIDIFIERS酸化剂DecreasesthepHinfeed降低饲料的pH值Decreasesthebuffercapacityinfeed降低饲料的缓冲力Anti-microbialeffect抑菌作用InhibitsgrowthofE.ColiandSalmonella抑制大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的生长繁殖ReducespHinstomach降低胃内pH值Increasesdigestibilityofprotein,CaandP(Jongbloedetal,1995)提高饲料中粗蛋白、钙、磷的消化吸收。Preservesfeed有利于饲料的保存。Inhibitmouldgrowth抑制霉菌的生长繁殖。Whatisbufferingcapacity?饲料的缓冲力B-Value:amountofacidneededtolowerpHtoafixedvalue.B值：将饲料的pH值降低到固定值时所需要的酸的量。forfeed(ingredients):amountof1.0MHClrequiredfor1kgfeedtolowerpHto3,4,or5B值：将1kg饲料pH降低至3,4或者5时所需要的浓度为1.0摩尔的盐酸的量。Inpractice:amountof0.1MHCl(inml)toacidifyafeedtopH5for10gramfeedin90mlwater.实践应用中B值：指将10g饲料溶于90ml水中pH=5时所需的浓度为0.1摩尔的盐酸的量。pHvalueatstarthasnorelationtoB-value起始pH值与B值不相关PigletfeedingredientPHB-valueTapioca5.21.3Alfalfameal5.918.5Sorghum5.95.0Maize(yellowcorn)6.13.5Soybeanhulls6.18.5Soybeans6.318.0Soybeanmeal6.628.8Rice6.52.8Wheat6.73.7Wheatmiddlings6.711.4Animalmeal6.225.4Meatandbonemeal6.332.0Milkpowder6.537.0Dicalciumphosphate7.3248.0Limestone9.71750.0CP%1.816.510.08.610.040.048.07.513.016.051.048.033.00.00.0CorrelationbetweenB-valueandprotein%=0,87蛋白与B值的相关度是0.87%pH值对蛋白质净电荷的影响pH值低于等电点时，蛋白质所带电荷阳离子交换蛋白质表面净电荷阴离子交换pH值高于等电点时，蛋白质所带电荷pH值等于等电点时，蛋白质所带电荷Whyisbufferingcapacityimportant?为什么缓冲力非常重要？Itaffectsdigestion影响动物消化吸收HighB-valueresultsinhighstomachpH高B值，胃内高pH值PepsinactivationonlyatlowpH低pH时激活胃蛋白酶Poorproteinbreakdown蛋白的降解率降低Undigestedproteininlowerdigestivetract后肠未消化的蛋白增多Proteinfermentation,toxicamines蛋白发酵，有毒性的氨Diarrhea腹泻LowpHisessentialforbacterialcontrol低pH抑制细菌数量Decreaseofpathogenicbacteria抑制病原菌BeneficialbacteriaaremoretoleranttolowpH有益菌能够耐受低pH环境1030658810097651201020304050607080901003.004.005.005.506.006.507.007.508.008.509.0045678910Cl.PerfringensE.coliSalm.spp.Staphyloc.spp.BacteriapH∎∎Minimum最低pH值Optimum适宜pH值∎Maximum最大pH值EmptyingofstomachisaffectedbypH胃的排空受胃内pH值的影响HigherpHdelaysdischargeofstomach高pH值推迟胃排空Lowerfeedintake采食量降低Lowerdailyweightgain平均日增重降低(Hambrecht,1998)Theimportanceforyounganimals低pH值对幼龄动物更为重要•Younganimalshavelimitedcapacityforgastricacidsecretion幼龄动物胃酸分泌能力有限OptimalB-valuedependsstageofgrowth不同生长阶段有不同的适宜B-值FeedtypeB-valuePrestarter(0-20daysofage)0–5Weaning(20–30daysofage)-5–0Starter(30–50daysofage)5–10Grower(50–70daysofage)10–20Informulatingdietsattentionshouldbepaidto配方中应该关注Protein蛋白质Energy能量Minerals矿物质B-valueB-值Organicacidsororganicacidsalts有机酸和有机酸盐RawMaterial(%)Processedmaize5.0HighB-valuedietLowB-valuediet5.0Barley45.545.5Wheat18.9217.67Soybeanoil1.982.21Linseed1.01.0Toastedsoybeans3.313.35Wheypowder5.565.56Hyprosoybeanmeal12.512.5Vitamin/mine