英语写作之Paragraph

PartFourTheParagraphContentsofThisPartI.CriteriaofaneffectiveparagraphII.StepsinwritingaparagraphIII.WaysofdevelopingparagraphsWhatisaparagraph?Aparagraphisaunitofthought.Paragraphsvaryinlength.CriteriaofanEffectiveParagraphunifiedcoherentwelldevelopedUnityCoherenceTransition/DevelopmentUnityAparagraphisacomponentpartofanessay.Eachparagraphhasonlyonetheme,sowhatiswrittenshouldbecloselyrelatedtothetheme.Thecentralthemeisusuallysummarizedinthetopicsentence.Placeoftopicsentence:beginning,middle,end,implied.PleaseidentifythetopicsentenceineachparagraphSample1CaliforniansandNewEnglandersarebothAmerican.Theyspeakthesamelanguageandabidebythesamelaws.However,theyareverydifferentintheirwaysoflife.MobilityhasmadeagreatimpressiononthecultureofCalifornians,lackofmobilityisthemarkofthecustomsandmoralityofNewEnglanders.Sample2Sample3BeginningEndImpliedMiddleHowtowriteagoodtopicsentence?1.Atopicsentenceshouldbeneithertoogeneralnortoospecific.Ifitistoogeneral,thereadercannottellexactlywhattheparagraphisgoingtodiscuss.Ifitistoospecific,thewritermaynothaveanythinglefttowriteaboutintherestoftheparagraph.主题句既不能太笼统，也不能太详细。前者会使要讨论的内容不明确，后者会影响开展下文。Example:Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy(油腻的)becauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozenandprepackagedfoodsandbecausetheyfryeverythinginoilorbutter.Americanfoodisterrible.Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.ToospecificGoodToogeneral2.Donotinvolvetoomanyrelatedideasinyourtopicsentence;ifyoudo,yourparagraphwillnotbeunified.主题句中不应包含过多的意思，以免影响段落的统一性。SanFranciscoisfamousforitstemperateclimate,itsmanytouristattractionsanditscosmopolitan(世界性的)atmosphere.SanFranciscoisfamousforitstemperateclimate/manytouristattractions/cosmopolitanatmosphere.ToomanyideasGoodHomeworkTask3Supplyatopicsentenceforeachparagraph.CoherenceThesentencesinaparagraphshouldbearrangedinaclear,logicalorder.Aparagraphiscoherentwheneachsentenceinitnaturallyleadstothenextsentenceinexplaininganddevelopingthecentralidea.Sample4TransitionGoodtransitionsshouldbeusedtomakeonesentencerunsmoothlytoanotherWaysoftransition:TransitionWaysoftransition:usingparallelstructuresrepeatingwordsorwordgroupsusingpronounstorefertonounsinprecedingsentencesbeingconsistentinthepersonandnumberofnounsandpronouns,andthetenseofverbsusingtransitionalexpressionsDetailsonPage68TransitionalwordsAddition:also,again,aswellas,besides,coupledwith,furthermore,inaddition,likewise,moreover,coupledwith,togetherwithConsequence:accordingly,asaresult,consequently,forthisreason,forthispurpose,hence,otherwise,sothen,subsequently,therefore,thus,whereforeGeneralizing:asarule,asusual,forthemostpart,generally,generallyspeaking,ordinarily,usuallyExemplifying:forexample,forinstance,suchas,markedly,namely,including,foronething,illustratedwith,,inthiscaseEmphasis:aboveall,chiefly,especially,specifically,withattentionto,particularly,inparticularDirection:here,there,overthere,beyond,nearly,opposite,under,above,totheleft,totheright,inthedistanceException:asidefrom,besides,except,exceptfor,excluding,exclusiveof,otherthan,outsideofRestatement:inessence,inotherwords,namely,thatis,thatistosay,inshort,inbrief,toputitdifferentlyContrastandComparison:comparatively,identically,likewise,similarly,incontrast,conversely,instead,ononehand,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,rather,yet,but,however,still,neverthelessSequence:atfirst,firstofall,tobeginwith,inthefirstplace,atthesametime,fornow,forthetimebeing,thenextstep,inturn,lateron,meanwhile,next,then,soon,themeantime,later,while,earlier,simultaneously,afterward,finallySummarizing:allinall,allthingsconsidered,brieflyspeaking,byandlarge,inanycase,inanyevent,inbrief,inconclusion,onthewhole,inshort,insummary,inthefinalanalysis,inthelongrun,tosumup,tosummarizeStepsinWritingaParagraphStep1:Giveatopicsentence(Thinkofthethemeormainidea,andexpressitinacompletesentence)Step2:Thinkofthedetailsorexamplesorfactsthatmaybeusedtosupportorexplainthemainidea.Step3:Workoutanoutlinetoarrangethedetailsorexamplesorfactsinlogicalorder.ThreemainpartsofaparagraphGO=TopicSentenceContinue=SupportingSentenceStop=ConcludingSentenceWhatkindofhealthproblemsdoescigarettesmokingcause？Weallknowthatcigarettesmokingisadangeroushabitbecauseitcauseshealthproblems．Doctorssayitcanbeadirectcauseofcancerofthelungsandthroatandcanalsocontributetocancerofotherorgans．Inaddition，itcanbringaboutotherhealthproblemssuchasheartandlungdiseases．Itisclearlyidentifiedasoneofthechiefcausesofdeathinoursociety．Mymotherhaspassedalongtomecertainrulesforgettingalongwithothers.Don'targuewithparents;theywillthinkyoudon'tlovethem.Don'targuewithchildren;theywillthinkthemselvesvictimized.Don'targuewithspouses;theywillthinkyouareatiresomemate.Don'targuewithstrangers;theywillthinkyouarenotfriendly.Mymother'srules,infact,canbesummedupintwowords:Don'targue.Whatisthebesttopicsentence?1.Mexicoisaninterestingcountry.2.HismanyreformsmadeMexicoafairer,moremodernsociety.3.Benito(1806-1872)isanationalheroinMexico.Functionofaparagraph主题（atopic）作者的观点（anopinionorstatement）Thebenefitsofparti