鲜活农产品的供应链管理SupplyChainManage

鲜活农产品的供应链管理SupplyChainManagementofPerishableProducts－甜瓜供应链管理案例甘肃农业大学GansuAgriculturalUniversity张艳荣April2005供应链管理是什么？WhatisSupplyChainManagement?•在生产者与消费者之间建立链条━Developingachainthatlinksproducerswithconsumers•通过生产过程、行销过程及市场向消费者提供具有竞争力的产品━Production,distributionandmarketingprocessesprovidingcompetitiveproducttoconsumer供应链管理是什么WhatisSupplyChainManagement?•两个关键点━2keyfunctions:•A)改进农产品的质量及减少损失率以提高供应链管理的效率━operationalefficiencyinlogisticsforimprovementinqualityandreductioninlosses•B)制定战略与链条成员间关系的管理━strategicdecisionmakingandrelationshipmanagementbetweenchainmembers1.实施供应链管理的效率OperationalEfficiency目的-减少甜瓜采收后的损失率－Tominimizepostharvestlosses方法-通过系统分析鉴别损失率高的环节和多余的环节－Identifyhighlosspointsandpoorproductflowthroughsystemsanalysis1.绘制产品流程图－Maptheflowofproduct-processflowchart2.描述每个处理环节－Describeeachhandlingprocess3.在每个环节检测损失率－Measurelossesateachpoint产品流程的案例ExampleofProductFlowChart•甜瓜从田间到市场的流程－melonspassthoughanumberofprocessesonwaytoconsumer•每个环节都做些什么－Whathappensateachpoint?•每个环节是否都有效－Isitefficient?甜瓜供应链成员的关系RelationshipinthesupplychainFarmerFarmerFarmerFarmerFarmerFarmerFarmerFarmerFarmerCollectorCollectorCollectorWholesalerWholesalerWholesalerRetailerRetailerRetailer步骤分析－AnalysisofEachStep采收－Harvest•产品质量Qualityofproduct-成熟度，瓜病，大小，安全杀虫剂－maturity,disease,size,pesticidesafety•机械损伤－Mechanicaldamage•冷害损伤－Physiologicaldamage-温度temperature•延期采收－Delays步骤分析－AnalysisofEachStep•包装－Packaging•分级－Grading•适当的防护－Adequateprotection•适当的大小－Suitablesize步骤分析－AnalysisofeachStep运输－Transport•温度－Temperature•运输期－Timetomarket•机械损伤率－Mechanicallosses步骤分析－运输AnalysisofeachStep-Transport步骤分析－AnalysisofeachStep市场－Market•市场不同对甜瓜质量要求不同－Differentmarketfordifferentquality•温度－Temperature•出售的时间－Timetosell•瓶颈在哪里－Bottlenecks?链条上每个环节的损失率Whatwerelossesateachstep?供应链各环节损失率（％）•瓜农收获过程9.1•收购商的收购过程很低•批发商运输过程11•零售商销售过程12•消费者的消费过程537.1资料来源：根据ACIAR“甜瓜采后疾病控制－甜瓜供应链管理研究”项目如何降低损失率HowtoMinimizeLosses?建立产品质量管理体系Implementaqualitymanagementscheme•提供产品说明书－Providesspecificationsofproduct•实施说明书的过程－Processestoachievespecifications•消费者始终有安全的食品－ConsumerhasconsistentandSAFEproduct什么是产品的质量WhatisQuality?•进行预期消费者座谈－Meetingconsumerexpectations•符合消费者的期望－Conformingtoexpectations•可事先确定质量一致性－Predictableuniformity•对消费者来讲，安全可靠，成本较低－Dependability,atlowcosttoconsumer哈密瓜的成熟指标标准MaturityIndicesforHami?•色泽Colour–由绿至黄greenthroughtoyellow•瓜须的干燥程度－Drynessoftendrils•个体的大小与外形－Sizeandshape•含糖量Sugarcontent–what%isacceptable•花期后的天数－Daysafterflowering?哈密瓜成熟度标准MaturityIndicesforHami?•可以用瓜表皮的色泽对比看其糖分含量－Canyouplotcolouragainstsugar%•可以用瓜表皮的色泽不同反应瓜的成熟度－Canyoudevelopachartofphotographs1234如何进行质量管理WhatisqualityManagement?•建立一套质量标准体系－Documentedsetsofproceduresthatallowconsistentproductsofdesiredquality•编制质量手册－QualityManual•对每个步骤进行监视与记录－Monitoringandrecordingateachstepe.g.harvest,transportandstoragetemp,sprayrecordsetc2.供应链成员间的关系RelationshipManagement•关键是通过合作，如何才能给消费者提供最好的产品－Focusisonhowtoworktogethertodeliveratopqualityproducttotheconsumer•焦点是保持长期的关系而非一次性的交易－Focusonlongtermrelationshipsnotone-offtransactions•最核心的问题是链条成员间的信任－Mainkeyistrustbetweenmembers农产品供应链的特征－CharacterisitcsofSCM•合作Collaborative–informationflowsbetweenmembersonwhichcvstogrow,agronomicpractices,howproductperformedinmarket–allaimedatimprovingperformance•交易较少－Fewerinvolvedintransactions•交易关系更稳定－Businessrelationshipsmorestable农产品供应链的特征－CharacteristicsofSCM•通常有一个链条的管理者－Ofteninvolvesachannelmanagere.g.wholesalerlinkingsupplyfromgrowerstoconsumers•这个管理者往往会获得较大的收益－Channelmanagerisusuallyonewithhighestprofit–vestedinterestinmakingitwork农产品供应链中的价值链－CharacteristicsofSCM-ValueChain•关键问题是供应链伙伴之间的利益分配－Focusonthedistributionofvaluesamongsupplychainpartners•建立一种有益的观念或思想，即理解新技术或措施的使用及其所带来的附加成本的分担－AhelpfulconcepttounderstandadoptionofinnovationsDistributionofprofitsamongsupplychainpartnerswhentheyshare(C,D)ordonot(B)sharecosts/profitsofinnovation.RetailerprofitRetailercostAgentfeeGrowerprofitInnovationcostGrowercostBCDA甘肃省黄河蜜瓜的供应链－ThesupplychainsofHuang-hemeloninGansuprovinceGROWERS农民AGENTSMERCHANTS收购商WHOLESALERS批发商RETAILERSSUPERMARKETS零售商GROWERS农民RETAILERS零售商如何建立可行的供应链Howtoformsupplychainsthatwork农民Farmers•生产优良品质的甜瓜Adoptproperculturalpracticesandtechnologiestogrowqualityfruit•有长远的眼光，建立声誉Havealongtermvisionoftheirbusinessandaimtoestablishareputationandcredibilityfortheirbusiness•农民成立团体，增加供货量，彼此学习Worktogetheringroupstogainagreatervolumeandtoshareinfoandlearnfromeachother交易商Traders•有长远的眼光，愿意与农民长期合作－Havealongterminterestintheirbusinessanddeveloplongtermrelationshipswithfarmers•参与采后技术的研发－Beinterestedininvolvedinpostharvesthandlingtechnologiesandissues•提供市场信息给农民－Offermarketinfotofarmers政府及推广人员Extensionofficers•协助农民及批发商，适时举办推广会Farmersandtraderswillrequirefacilitationtomakechangestoformsupplychains,e.g.,trainingworkshops•试用参与模式Embraceaparticipatoryapproach•对本身的工作及角色有兴趣，不半途而废Theyneedtobecommittedtotheirroleandfollowthroughtheirtasks供应链管理的优势－AdvantagesofSCM•竞争存在于不同的供应链之间而非单个的组织－Wholechainsbecomecompetitiveratherthanindividuals•在同一链条上成员之间能更公平的分享收益－Thoseinsamechainsharemoreequitablyinprofits•所有的风险承担者都会给予回报－Deliversbenefitstoallstakeholders-尽可能保护消费者利益－Optimizesbenefitstocons