vowels

AninitialclassificationwilldividethespeechsoundsinEnglishintotwobroadcategories:vowelsandconsonants.Herearetwodefinitionsofvowels:“Vowelsaremodificationsofthevoice-soundthatinvolvenoclosure,friction,orcontactofthetongueorlips.”“Avowelisdefinedasavoicedsoundinformingwhichtheairissuesinacontinuousstreamthroughthepharynxandmouth,therebeingnoaudiblefriction.”Thetwodefinitionspointtooneimportantfeatureofvowels,i.e.inproducingavoweltheairstreamcomingfromthelungsmeetswithnoobstructionwhatsoever.Thismarkstheessentialdifferencebetweenvowelsandconsonants.Intheproductionofthelattercategory—theconsonants,itisobstructedinonewayoranother.TheVowelsmonophthongs:[‘mɔnəfθɔŋ]diphthongs:[‘difθɔŋ]triphthongs:['trifθɔŋ]thefrontvowelsthecentralvowelsthebackvowelstheclosingdiphthongsthecentringdiphthongsmonophthongs：单元音['mɔnəfθɔŋ]Asintheproductionofvowelstheairstreammeetswithnoobstruction.Vowelsaredifferentiatedbythefollowingfactors:①thepositionofthetongue②theopennessofthemouth③theshapeofthelips④thelengthofthevowelsthepositionofthetongue:Frontvowels:thefrontpartofthetonguemaintainsthehighestposition;[i:][I][e][æ]Centralvowels:thecentralpartofthetonguemaintainsthehighestposition;[ə:][ə][ʌ]Backvowels:thebackpartofthetonguemaintainsthehighestposition;[u:][u][ɔ:][ɔ][ɑ:]theopennessofthemouthclosevowels:[i:][I][u:][u]semi-closevowels:[e][ə:]semi-openvowels:[ə][ɔ:]openvowels:[æ][ʌ][ɔ][ɑ:]theshapeofthelipsunroundedvowels:withoutroundingthelips;inEnglish,allthefrontvowelsandthecentralvowelsareunroundedvowelsroundedvowels:allthebackvowelswiththeexceptionof[ɑ:],arerounded.thelengthofthevowelslongvowels:tensevowels;thelarynxisinastateoftensionshortvowels:laxvowels;thelarynxisquiterelaxedclosesemi-closesemi-openopenfrontcentralbacki:Ieæə:əʌu:uɔ:ɑ:ɔhighesthigherlowerlowestroundedTheCentralVowels1frontcentralbackhighesthigherlowerlowestɑ:P28P26æ&&P26ə:əʌʌʌə:&əExercisesP28-29TheCentralVowelsExercise1:Exercise2:Exercise3:TheBackVowels1frontcentralbacku:uɔ:ɑ:ɔhighesthigherlowerlowestɑ:P20ɔ&P21ɔ:æ&u:u&P22ExercisesP22-24TheBackVowelsExercise1:Exercise2:Exercise3:Exercise4:Exercise5:diphthongs['difθɔŋ]:双元音InEnglishtherearealsoanumberofdiphthongs,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.1.合口双元音(TheClosingDiphthongs):[eI][əu][aI][au][ɔI]2.集中双元音(TheCentringDiphthongs):[Iə][εə][uə]1.合口双元音(TheClosingDiphthongs):[eI][əu][aI][au][ɔI]P33P34P34P35P36Commonfeatures:1.Theopennessofthemouthisfromopen,semi-opentosemi-close.2.Thepositionofthetongueisbecominghigher.ExercisesP37-39TheClosingDiphthongsExercise1:No.16[au]townbownowspoutvowNo.13[eI]tapebaynamespadevagueNo.14[əu]toeboatnosespokevoteNo.15[aI]tiebuynightspyviceNo.17[ɔI]toyboynoisespoilvoyageExercisesP37-39TheClosingDiphthongsExercise2:ExercisesP37-39TheClosingDiphthongsExercise3:ExercisesP39Exercise5:Circlethewordsyouhear.1.A.shed2.A.walk3.A.cart4.A.fined5.A.cornB.shadeB.wokeB.kiteB.foundB.coin2.集中双元音(TheCentringDiphthongs):[Iə][εə][uə]P40P41P42Commonfeature:Figure27P39Thetongueiscentralizingtothecentralvowel[ə]fromanotherpositionofthemouth.ExercisesP42-43TheCentringDiphthongsExercise1:Exercise2:Exercise3:ExercisesP42-43TheCentringDiphthongsExercise3:1.A.peace2.A.bear3.A.pear4.A.pier5.A.mareB.pierceB.beerB.poorB.pearB.moorTheTriphthongs[‘trifθɔŋ]:三元音Ifanyoftheclosingdiphthongs([eI][əu][aI][au][ɔI])isfollowedbyacentralvowel[ə],wegetatriphthong.Atriphthonghastwosyllables.Thesecondsound[I]&[u]inthetriphthongsshouldbeweakened,thepronunciationshouldslidefromthefirstsoundtothethirdsound[ə][eIə][əuə][aIə][auə][ɔIə].....E.g.our['auə]not['auwə]tower[‘tauə]not[‘tauwə]ExercisesP38TheTriphthongsExercise4:1.[eIə]greyerplayerbetrayal2.[əuə]growerfollowerthrower3.[aIə]tyretrialquietbuyerirontired4.[auə]towertowelcowardbowerflowershower5.[ɔIə]royalemployermoiety