Paragraph writing

ParagraphwritingI.Demandsforagoodparagraph1.unity统一性2.completenessoradequateness完整性3.coherence连贯性II.MeanstodevelopaparagraphI.Demandsforagoodparagraph1.UnityTopic/Theme/Controllingidea(主题句,即主题思想)a.Stickorholdtothetopic;b.NoirrelevantsentencesExampleJoeandIdecidedtotakethelongtripwe‘dalwayswantedacrossthecountry.Wewerelikeyoungkidsbuyingourcamperandstockingitwithallthenecessitiesoflife.Bellabakesthebestrhubarb(大黄)pie.WestartedoutinearlyspringfromMinneapolisandheadedwestacrossthenorthernpartofthecountry.Webothenjoyedthosepeoplewemetatthetrailerpark.Joereceivedawatchathisretirementdinner.Tooursurprise,wefoundthatwelikedthewarmsouthernregionsverymuch,andsowedecidedtostayhereinNewMexico.Analysiscontrollingidea:takethelongtripacrossthecountry.Objectsofthepara.:JoeandITwoirrelevantsentences:a.“Bellabakesthebestrhubarbpie”b.“Joereceivedawatchathisretirementdinner.”PracticeMynameisRoseanna,andIliketokeepphysicallyfit.Iusedtoweightwohundredpounds,butIjoinedtheYMCAforanexerciseclassanddietprogram.InoneyearIlosteightypounds.Ifeelmuchbetterandneverwanttohavethatmuchweightonmyfive-feetframeagain.Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek.EverydayIpracticejoggingthreemiles,swimmingfifteenlaps,liftingtwenty-poundweightsandplayingtennisforonehour.Mymotherwasaprematurebaby.AnalysisControllingidea:“Iliketodeepphysicallyfit.”Irrelevantsentences:a.“Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek”b.“Mymotherwasaprematurebaby”2.completenessoradequatenessa.topicsentenceb.developing/supportingsentences(扩展句)c.concludingsentence一个段落必须有若干扩展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性.b.developing/supportingsentences主要扩展句(majorsupportingstatement)的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个扩展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。次要扩展句(minorsupportingstatement)是指对主要扩展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。Eg：(主题句)Idon'tteachbecauseteachingiseasyforme.(主要推展句1)TeachingisthemostdifficultofthevariouswaysIhaveattemptedtoearnmyliving:mechanic,carpenter,writer.(主要推展句2)Forme,teachingisared-eye,sweaty-palm,sinking-stomachprofession.(次要推展句1)Red-eye,becauseIneverfeelreadytoteachnomatterhowlateIstayuppreparing.(次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm,becauseI'malwaysnervousbeforeIentertheclassroom,surethatIwillbefoundoutforthefoolthatIam.(次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach,becauseIleavetheclassroomanhourlaterconvincedthatIwasevenmoreboringthanusual.从属于主要推展句2的三个次要推展句起着解释说明作用，分别解释red-eye,sweaty-palm,sinking-stomach的含义，这就更加形象生动地证明了“Teachingisnoteasy这个主题。Practice:Supportthetopicsentenceswithsupportingsentencessoastodevelopthemintoashortparagraph.Thereareseveralfactorsaffectingclimate.Exampleforreference(主题句)Thereareseveralfactorsaffectingclimate.(扩展句1)Onefactoristhemountofsunlightreceived.(扩展句2)Altitude,ortheheightabovesealevel,alsodeterminesclimate.(扩展句3)Theoceanshaveaneffectontheclimateofadjacentland.(扩展句4)Inaddition,climateisinfluencedbythegeneralcirculationoftheatmosphere.AssignmentSupportthetopicsentenceswithsupportingsentencessoastodevelopthemintoashortparagraph.1.Ourlifetodaydependsverymuchonenergy.2.Noonecanavoidbeinginfluencedbyadvertisements.Samples1.Ourlifetodaydependsverymuchonenergy.Intownsandinvillages,onfarmsandinfactories,machineshavemadelifeeasierthanitusedtobe.Themachinesuseenergy,andenergyisneededforheating,lighting,communications,carryinggoods--everything.Factoriesandindustrialplantsuseagreatdealofenergytomakethethingsthatweuseandbuyandsell.2.Noonecanavoidbeinginfluencedbyadvertisements.Muchaswemayprideourselvesonourgoodtaste,wearenolongerfreetochoosethethingswewant,foradvertisingexertsasubtleinfluenceonus.Intheireffortstopersuadeustobuythisorthatproduct,advertisershavemadeaclosestudyofhumannatureandhaveclassifiedallourlittleweakness.3.连贯性（coherence）一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅（smooth），这就是连贯性。Waysofcoherence:1.coherencebymeaning(意连)2.coherencebylinkingwords(形连)1.coherencebymeaning(意连)A．chronologicalarrangement按时间先后排列B.spatialarrangement按位置远近排列C.logicalarrangement按逻辑关系排列2.coherencebylinkingwords(形连)A．chronologicalarrangementWehadanumberofclosecalls(险事)thatday.Whenwerose,itwasobviouslylateandwehadtohurrysoasnottomissbreakfast;weknewthediningroomstaffwasstrictaboutclosingatnineo‘clock.Then,whenwehadbeendrivinginthedesertfornearlytwohours-----itmusthavebeenclosetonoon----theheatnearlyhidusin;theradiator（散热器）boiledoverandwehadtousemostofourdrinkingwatertocoolitdown.Bythetimewereachedthemountain,itwasouro'clockandwewereexhausted.(Tobecontinued)Here,judgmentranoutofusandwestartedthetoughclimbingtothesummit,notrealizingthatdarknesscamesuddenlyinthedesert.Sureenough,bysixwewerestrugglingandAndrewverynearlywentdownasteepcliff,draggingMohammedandmealongwithhim.Bynine,whenthewindhowledacrosstheflatledgeofthesummit,weknewasweshiveredtogetherforwarmththatithadnotbeenourluckyday.本段从“rose”（起床）写起，然后是吃早餐（“nottomissbreakfast”,“closingatnineo'clock”），然后是“closetonoon”，一直写到这一天结束（“Bynine--”）。B.spatialarrangementFromadistance,itlookedlikeaskinnytube,butaswegotcloser,wecouldseeitfleshoutbeforeoureyes.Itwastubular,allright,butfatterthanwecouldseefromfaraway.Furthermore,wewerealsoasto