英美概况Section 5

AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.Sep.2009-Feb.2010ByDuPengSectionFiveCulturalandSocialLifeAnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverback●BritishClasses●SocialProblemsinBritain●BritishFamilies●EducationpoliciesIntroductionp62-79AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverback●TounderstandtheAnglo-Saxonculture,wemusthavesomebasicknowledgeoftheBritain’sclassesandBritishsociety.●Britishculturehasareputationforitsrequirementofdecencyandcivility.Britain:GentlemenAmerica:CowboysClassStructureinthePastAnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverbackIntheearlyBritishhistory,therearesharpclassdistinctions.TheUpperClass:peoplewithincomesfromrentsandpropertypaymentTheWorkingClass:manuallabourors--peasantsTheMiddleClass:educatedpeopleorbusinessmenTheChangeoftheUpperClassp63p2AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverbackTheupperclasswassubdividedintotwogroupsaftertheNormanConquestTheUpperLandedClass上层土地贵族TheLowerUpperClassKnights,squires,andcountrygentlemen.Nobility:landandprivilegesTheycouldgototheHouseofLords.BritishNoblesp63p3AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverback●TheyneverlostgreatinfluencesinBritishsociety.●ReasonsThefirst-bornson,astheprimeinheritor,inheritedthenobletitlesandtheestate.Second,primogeniture长子继承制First,theupperclassdidn’tlosetheirestatesandstatusduringBritain'srevolution.ThislimitedthegrowthofBritishnobleclass.SomeFactsAnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverback●Britishpeoplevaluecompromisebetweenclasses,notclassstruggleorthetoppleofoneclassbyanother.p63p3●TheincreasedwealthofupperlandedclassinIndustrialRevolution.p64p2TheChangeoftheMiddleClassp64p3AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverback●AfterIndustrialrevolution,peoplebegantoconsiderfarmers,merchants,clergymen,andmilitaryofficersinmiddleclass.●Theyreliedonknowledgeandskilltomakemoneyandemphasizedonthefreedomandeducationoftheirchildren.●ThelargestandmostimportantclassinBritain.TheChangeoftheWorkingClassp64p4AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverback●Fromagriculturallaborers(peasants)tominingandfactoryworkers.●NewimageofBritishworkersManyworkersbecomeownersofcapital,suchasstocks,bonds,etc.●Difficulttotellthedistinctionsbetweenthemiddleandworkingclass.FamilyLifeinBritainp65p2AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverback●FamilylifehasalwaysbeenofgreatimportancefortheBritishpeople.●QueenVictoria:asymbolofdevotiontofamilylife●Individualism×SacrificeasmallfamilyforthepublicinterestsNuclearFamily(核心家庭)p65p3AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverback●Afamilycomposedoftwoadultsandtheirunmarriedchildren.●MarriageNooneisallowedtomarrybelow16,andthemarriagebetween16-18mustgainparents’approval.Marriagemarksthecompleteindependence.Marriagep65p4AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverback●InBritain,avalidmarriageisregardedasaspecialtypeofcontractbetweenamanandawoman.●Marriageceremony.●Womenandchildrenweregivenspecialprotectionintimesofwarsanddisasters.Monogamy一夫一妻制p65p5,p66p1-2AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverback●DefinitionItreferstoonehusbandandonewiferelationship.●Inthepast,thewifewasexpectedtoobeyherhusband.●Nowadays,bothspouseshaveanequalrightsandobligations.Parentsp66p3-5AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverback●Parentsarethelegalaswellasnaturalguardiansoftheirchildren.●EqualityandindependenceinBritishfamily●Thegoldenruleforchildren:“tobeseen,butnotheard”(只见其人，不闻其声。)TheChangeofBritishWomenp67p1-4AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverback●Inthepast,Britishwomenwereconfinedtohouseholdandhadnorighttovote.●Nowadays,theygainedtherighttovoteafterWWIandmadeupabout48%oftheBritishlabourforce.●Highdivorcerate●FamilyAllowancesprogram家庭补助计划BritishMealsp67p5AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverback●Animportantelementinfamilylife.Uninvitedvisitsatmealtimearenotwelcome.Otherregulations.●Afternoontea(下午茶)Britishpeopleliketodrinktea,andafternoonteaisanimportantcomponentoftheEnglishwayoflife.●Rejectionofsumptuousmealsforvainglory.BritishEducationp68p1AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverback●Greatattentiontoeducationandthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Intellectualpropertyrights知识产权●Anumberofscientists,thinkersandeconomistsFrancisBaconSirIsaacNewtonEducationPolicyp68p3-4AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverback●Aims:todeveloptheabilitiesofindividualsfortheirownbenefitandthatofsocietyasawhole●Firstcountrytoprovidestate-financedprimaryeducation----1870●Segregatespupilsonthebasisoftheiracademicability.Public-fundedSchoolsp69p3AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverbackTheresponsibilitiesforeducationaredividedbetweenthecentralgovernment,localauthorities,andvariousvoluntaryorganization.StateSchool公立学校VoluntarySchool志愿学校FinancedandmaintainedbylocalgovernmentsMaintainedbyvariousvoluntaryorganizationwithfinancialhelpfromcentralgovernment.Teachersp69p4AnOutlineIntroductiontoU.K.previousnextindexbreakoverback●Thestressonthequalityofthete