研究生学术英语写作教程Unit-3-key

Unit3Keysfor1.3.1BruntlandCommissionReport,etcOntheonesideLeachandMearnsOntheothersidePovertyisamajorcauseofenvironmentalproblemsandameliorationofpovertyisanecessaryandcentralconditionofanyeffectiveprogramsaddressingtheenvironment.Environmentaldegradation,rapidpopulationgrowthandstagnantproductionarecloselylinkedwiththefastspreadofacutepovertyinmanycountriesofAsia.PoorfamilieswhohavetomeetshorttermneedsminethenaturalcapitalbyexcessivecuttingoftreesforfirewoodandfailuretoreplacesoilnutrientsThesestudiespointtodemographic,cultural,andinstitutionalfactorsasimportantvariablesinthepoverty-environmentaldegradationnexus.Anintricateweboffactorsplustheexistenceoffeedbackloopsfromenvironmentaldegradationtopovertymakestheprocessofidentifyingcausalitylinks,ifany,betweenenvironmentaldegradationandpovertyadifficultexercise.1.3.2Decidehowmanyelementsthissampleincludesandhowtheyfunction.ElementsFunctionsElement1GeneralstatementsaboutafieldofresearchtoprovidethereaderwithasettingfortheproblemtobereportedElement2MorespecificstatementsabouttheaspectsoftheproblemalreadystudiedbyotherresearchersElement3StatementsthatindicatetheneedformoreinvestigationElement4Veryspecificstatementsgivingthepurposes/objectivesofthewriter’sstudyElement5Optionalstatementsthatgiveavalueorjustificationforcarryingoutthestudy,limitationofthestudy,etc.2.1.1CheckthereviewingsectionofsampleIntroductionandcompletethefollowingtable.QuestionsHowmany?Forwhatpurposes?Aresomesentenceswritteninthepresenttense?Yes,17verbsinthepresenttense.Theauthormostlyusesthepresenttenseverbstoshowtheiropiniononanotherperson'sresearch,relatewhatotherauthorssayordiscusstotheliterature,Aresomesentenceswritteninpasttense?Aresomesentenceswritteninthepresentperfecttense?Whichtenseisusedmore?Whydoyouthinkthisisthecase?Yes,3verbsinpasttense.Yes,5verbsinthepresentperfecttense.ThepresenttenseTheseverbshavethediscourseroleofprovidingparticularsforrecountingevents,resultsfoundoraprecedinggeneralizationorthebasisforaclaim,etc.Thepresentperfecttensecanbeusedtostatethattheresearchresultsarerecent,expressingwhathasbeenfoundoveranextendedperiodinthepastanduptothepresenttohighlightthedirectrelevanceofpreviousstudiestothewriter'sownresearchThepresenttenseismostcommonlyusedinthewriting,emphasizingthepresentsignificanceofthestudy.2.2.2Readthreeextractsontheissueofpovertyandcrime.Usetheverbsabovetociteopinionsonpovertyandcrime.AstudybyWilliams(2011)reportsthatpercentageofpoorAmericanswhoarelivinginextremepovertyhasreacheda32-yearhigh,resultinginseveresocialproblems.ThefindingsaresupportedbyHolmes(2011)whofurtherstatesthattherearemoreandmoreatthelinkbetweenunemployment,povertyandcrime.Andtheunmistakablecharacteristicofpovertyandcrimeisthatthey’rebothgeographicallyconcentratedinthesameareas.Thisopinionistheoreticallyexplainedfromaneconomicperspectiveofcrimethatpeopleweightheconsequencesofcommittingcrime.Theyresorttocrimeonlyifthecostorconsequencesareoutweighedbythepotentialbenefitstobegained(Garland,2012).Althoughboththesestudiesfocusonthecloserelationbetweenpovertyandcrime,theyhaveignored…accordingtoLeachandMearns(2012).3.1UsingreferencesInformationprominentcitationAmongthesixareasregardingthepovertyheadcountratioat$1.25aday,sub-SaharanAfricaconstitutedthebiggestratiouptoalmost50%ofthepopulation.(WorldBank,2012)AuthorprominentcitationTheWorldBank(2012)statedthatSouthAsiarankedthesecondinthechartregardingpovertyratioat$1.25adayamongsixareasintheworld.WeakauthorprominentcitationAsareportfromtheWorldBank(2012)indicated,thetoptwoareasofpovertyheadcountratioat$1.25adayweresub-SaharanAfricaandSouthAsia,withapopulationofalmost50percentand37percentrespectively.3.2RelatingliteraturetoyourresearchWhatquestionsdoesthisliteraturereviewanswer?(Key:Thisliteratureoffersasummaryofpreviousresearch,soitsimplytellsthereaderwhatwasdiscoveredinpreviousresearch.)Whatquestionsdoesn'titanswer?(Key:Itdoesn'tevaluatetheresearchitsummarizes,nordoesitshowtherelationshipsbetweenthedifferenttheories,viewsandapproachesitdescribes.)Whichmethodhasthewriterusedtoorganizetheliteraturereview?(Key:Thewriterhasorganizedthisliteraturereviewaroundtheresearchers,andhaspresenteditchronologically(arrangingtheworkbywhenitwaspublished).Noticethatbyorganizingitaroundtheresearchers(thesummariesarelistedafterthenamesofthepeoplewhodidtheresearch)andnotaroundtheresearch(e.g.aroundkeyconcepts)thewriteremphasizesthepeopleandnottheirwork.)Isitagoodliteraturereview?Why?(Key:Wedon'tbelievethatitisagoodliteraturereview.Itonlygivesasummaryofpreviousresearchbutitdoesnotusetheliteraturetoexplainmoreaboutthewriter'sownresearchproblem.Also,itisnotcritical:afterwereaditwestilldonotknowwhichtheoriesorfindingsareimportant,whichareinconclusive,whattheshortcomingsare,etc.Themainproblemwiththisliteraturereviewisthatitdoesnotshowhowpreviousresearchrelatestothewriter'sownresearchproblem,ortherelationshipbetweendifferentresearchesalreadycarriedout.Giventheorganizationthewriterhasused,thisliteraturereviewcouldnotbeeffectiveliteraturereviewbecausethereislittlescopeforsh