何家弘《法律英语》第四版第二十一课主要内容.docx

LessonTwentyOneCRIMINALPROCEDUREThekeytoanaccusatorialprocessofproofisthatthepartymakingtheaccusationofwrongdoingbearstheburdenofprovingthattheaccusationistrue.对抗制证明程序的关键在于由对罪行提出指控的一方承担证明其指控真实性的责任。Thejurorsmaynotassume,simplybecausetheaccuserrepresentsthestate,thathisallegationsaretrue.Theprosecutor,astheaccuser,mustpersuadethejurors,byreferenceonlytoevidenceproducedbeforethem,thattheallegationsinthecharginginstrumentareaccurate.陪审团员不会只因为控诉方代表国家而相信其指控。作为控诉方，检察官必须要通过呈现证据来说服陪审员在指控文件中的指控是真实的。Thisburdenofpersuadingthejuryisdescribedlegallyasthe“burdenofproof”.这种说服陪审团的责任在法律上叫做证明责任。Placementoftheburdenofproofontheprosecutionmeansthatthedefendantneednotestablishhisinnocence;itistheprosecutorthatmustestablishhisguilt.由控诉方承担证明责任意味着被告人无需证明他是清白的，而是由检察官来证明被告有罪。Thedefendantcansimplysitback,producenoevidencewhatsoever,andbeassuredofhisacquittaliftheprosecutorhasnotproducedsufficientevidencetoconvincethejurythatthedefendantcommittedthecrime.被告人只需要坐着，不需提交任何证据，并获得如下保证：如果检察官提交的证据不足以证明被告人有罪，则被告人会被宣判无罪。Theprosecutor’sevidencemustbesoconvincingastomeetanotherbasicstandardofthecriminaljusticeprocess—thattheproofestablishesguiltbeyondareasonabledoubt.Ø检察官提交的证据必须要有说服力并且要满足刑事司法程序的另一个基本标准，即犯罪证明要超出合理的怀疑。Thatstandardmakesthestate’sburdenofproofaparticularlyheavyone.这个标准加重了国家的证明责任。Itissimplybecausethestateistheinitiatingparty.Inanadversarysystem,someonemustbeartheburdenofpersuasion,anditislogicaltoassignthatburdentothepersonaskingthecourttotakeaction.这只是因为国家是诉讼法发起方。在对抗制中，必须由某人来承担证明责任，而通常都会将这个责任交给向法庭提起诉讼的一方。我们的制度所确立的基本价值观就是：itisfarworsetoconvictaninnocentpersonthantoletaguiltymangofree使一个无辜的人入罪远远要比让一个有罪的人逍遥法外要坏的多。itisbetterthattenguiltypersonsescapethanoneinnocentsuffer让10个有罪的人逃脱要比使一个无辜的人受罪好得多Asystemthatviewstheprotectionoftheinnocentasitshighestgoalisinvariablyledtoplacetheburdenofproofonthestate。一个把保护无辜的人的清白看作是其最高目标的制度毫无疑问地会使其国家承担证明责任。Ifhewereforcedtocarrytheburdenofproof,alluncertaintiesastoproofwouldberesolvedagainsthim.如果硬要被告承担证明责任，那么证明过程中的所有不确定因素最后都会不利于他。Byplacingtheburdenontheprosecution,theadversarysystempermitsconvictiononlywherethejurorsareaffirmativelyconvincedofdefendant’sguiltbytheprosecution’spositiveshowing.通过由检察官承担证明责任，对抗制规定了只有在检察官主动向陪审员准确地证明被告人有罪的情况下才能宣告被告有罪。Isquiteseparatefromtheburdenofproof与证明责任不相同heobligationofinitiallyintroducingevidence最先展示证据的义务Thus,theprosecutionhastheobligationofinitiallypresentingevidenceoneachelementofthecrimeaswellaspersuadingthejurythatthoseelementsexisted.因此，检控方负有义务先针对每个犯罪构成要件呈示证据以及说服陪审团相信这些要件的真实性。Thetheftofpropertyatover100dollars盗窃财物达100美元以上Theprosecutionmustfirstintroduceevidenceshowingthatthestolenitemwasworthmorethan100dollars.检控方一开始须呈示证据证明被告盗窃的物品价值达100美元以上。Theprosecutioncannotsitbackandclaimthat,sincethedefensehasnotintroducedanyevidencesuggestingthattheitemisworthlessthan100dollars,itmustobviouslybeworthmorethan100dollars.检控方不能袖手旁观，声称，因为辩方没能提出任何证据证明盗窃物品价值低于100美元，因此，物品价值显然高于100美元。Therearesomemattersthattheprosecutionshouldnothavetoconsiderinitsproofunlessthereissomeevidencethattheissueexists.有些内容是检控方不能将其纳入其范围内的，除非有证据证明这些内容存在案件中。Forexample,theprosecutionshouldnotautomaticallyhavetointroduceevidencethatthedefendantwasnotinsaneorwasnotentrapped.例如，检控方不能主动呈示证据证明被告没有精神失常或者没有受到警察圈套。Oncetheissueisraisedbythedefendant’sevidence,theburdenthenshiftsbacktotheprosecutiontointroducecounterevidenceandpersuadethejurythatthedefensedidnotexist.一旦被告方的证据涉及到这些内容，那么责任将又回到检控方身上，由他们提出反驳证据并说服陪审团相信辩护理由不成立。Theplacementoftheburdenofgoingforwardisnotofgreatsignificanceinprotectingtheinnocent.先行举证责任并不重在保护无辜者。Itisamattergovernedprimarilybytheconvenienceofthepartiesinfirstofferingproof.它主要是规制双方在最初提交证据时的便利。Anydefendantwantingtoraiseaparticulardefensecanreadilyintroducesufficientevidencetosuggestthatthedefensemightbepresentinthecase.任何想提出具体辩护意见的被告都可以方便地呈示足够的证据以证明其辩护理由确实存在案件中。Thekeypointisthattheprosecutorthenassumestheultimateburdenofpersuasion;hemustconvincethejurythatthedefensedidnotexist.重点在于由检察官承担最后的说服责任，他必须使陪审团确信辩护意见不成立。Thepresumptionofinnocenceiscloselyrelatedtotheplacementoftheburdenofproof.无罪推定原则与证明责任理论有密切的联系。Indeed,thepresumptionreallydoesnomorethanprovideanadditionalmeansofemphasizingtheburdenofproofisupontheprosecution.事实上，无罪推定原则只不过是用了另外一种方式强调证明责任在于检控方。