High-context-Culture-and-Low高低语境

SupplimentaryMaterials1.KeyTerms:1.Sensation（感觉）：sensationistheneurologicalprocessbywhichpeoplebecomeawareoftheirenvironment.（感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程）2.Organization（组织）:把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合。3.Interpretation（释义）：Interpretationreferstoattachingmeaningtosensedata.（赋予信息意义）4.Highcontextculture（高语境文化）：Culturesinwhichlesshastobesaidorwrittenbecausemoreofthemeaningisinthephysicalenvironmentoralreadysharedbypeoplearelabeledhighcontext.（在高语境文化中，在人们交际时，有较多的信息量或者蕴涵在社会文化环境和情景中，或者内化于交际者的心中；相对地讲，明显的语码则负载较少的信息量。这也意味着，在强交际环境文化的人们对微妙的环境提示较为敏感。）5.Lowcontextculture（低语境文化）：Culturesinwhichlittleofthemeaningisdeterminedbythecontextbecausethemessageisencodedintheexplicitcodearelabeledlowcontext.（在低语境文化中，交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载，相对地讲，只有少量的信息蕴涵在隐性的环境和情景中。这也意味着，在低语境文化中的人们习惯用语言本身的力量来进行交际。）2.AdditionalInformation:SupplementaryEnglishCase:6.2.1.aThisdemonstratesthatevenstimuliwecanbeawareofwedonotattendtocontinually.Beinginabusyairportterminalisagoodexample.Whilethere,youareconfrontedwithmanycompetingstimuli.Yousimplycannotattendtoeverything.However,ifintheairportterminalanannouncementismadeaskingyoubynametoreporttoacourtesytelephone,youwouldprobablyhearyournameeveninthatenvironmentofcompetingstimuli.6.2.1.cThinkofhowspeakersofEnglishcategorizelife.Mostprobablyusethecategoriesofhumanlifeandanimallife.Nowthinkofhowyoutypicallycategorizeanimallife:probablyintowildanimalsanddomesticatedanimals.Nowthinkofhowyoutypicallycategorizedomesticatedanimallife:probablyintoanimalsuseforfood,animalsusedforsportandrecreation,andpets.Lookatthepictureofthepuppyandcaptureyourfeelings.Mostofusseethispuppyinthecategoryofpetforwhichwehavelearnedtorelatewarm,lovingfeelings.Puppiesarecute,cuddly,warm,lovingcreatures.Nowlookatthepicturesbelowandcaptureyourfeelings.Mostofuswholovedogsfindthesepicturesuncomfortableanddisgusting.Howcanpeopleeatdogs?They’repets,notfood!Italldependsonwhereyoucategorizethem.Dogsarepetsinsomeculturesandfoodinothers.IntheArabworld,dogsareacceptableaswatchdogsandashuntingdogsbutarenotkeptinthehomeaspetsbecausetheyareseenasuncleanandalowformoflife.TocallsomeoneadogisaninsultamongArabs.Peopleinmostcultureshavestrongideasaboutwhichfoodsareacceptableforhumanconsumptionandwhicharenot.PeopleinsomecountriesthinkthecustomintheUnitedStatesofeatingcornonthecobisdisgustingbecausethatfoodisfitonlyforpigs.TheUkrainianfavoritefoodsalo,rawpigfatwithblackbreadandvodka,mightcausenauseainsome,aswouldknowingthathorsemeatfromCaliforniaisservedinrestaurantsinBelgium,France,andJapan.Yourreactionofdisgustisaculturallylearnedinterpretationandthatinterpretationcanbequitestrong.In1989,Californiamadeitamisdemeanorforanypersontosell,buy,oracceptanyanimaltraditionallykeptasapetwiththeintentofkillingtheanimalforfood.Morerecently,animalrightsgroupshaveprotestedthesaleofliveanimals,suchasturtles,frogs,lobsters,crabs,fish,andchicken,forfoodatAsian-Americanmarkets.Asiantraditionisthatfreshmeatistastierandmorehealthful,thatthebestmeatisthat“thatentersyourhousestillbreathing.”Animalrightsactivistscontendthattheanimalsaretreatedinhumanelyintheshopsandarekilledinwaysthatcausethemunnecessarypain.Asian-AmericangroupsarguethateatingdogsandcatsisanextremerarityamongSoutheastAsianimmigrantsandcallthelawandtheanimalrightsactivistsracist.Insomecultures,partsofsomeanimalsarecategorizedasmedicine.Inothercultures,certainanimalsareconsideredsacredandwouldcertainlynotbeeaten.TheHinduelephant-headedGodGaneshisaccompaniedbyaratwheneverhetravels.Rats,likecows,aredeifiedinIndia.NoHinduworshipiscompletewithoutanofferingtoGaneshandhiscompanion,therat.RatsarefedandrarelykilledinIndia.AcaseanalysisCanyouuseConfucianismtoexplainwhyChinesepeoplehavebothfanandcaiinonemeal?Confucianismencouragesasenseofbalanceandharmony.ThedistinctiveprocessofpreparingChinesecuisineisbasedonConfuciusandhisphilosophyofbalance.Thereisadivisionbetweenfan,Chineseforgrainsandotherstarchfoods,andcai,vegetableandmeatdishes.Abalancedmeal,then,musthaveanappropriateamountoffanandcai.中文补充案例及材料：6.2.1.a（选择）英语国家重长大的人对理解某些日语发音有一定的困难。有些日语的发音现象在英语里不存在。例如：obasanauntobaasangrandmotherkitacamekittahear6.2.1.b（组织）不同国家对颜色的划分不同。6.2.1.c（释义）不同的文化对狗的态度不同：西方国家视之为宠物；韩国视之为美食。龙在中国文化是吉祥的象征，而在西方文化中却是邪恶的象征。英语中有，“luckydog”“而在汉语中却有“狗眼看人低”，“狗仗人势”等词语。Manypeopleconsiderdogsaspets,however,insomecountriessuchasKorea,dogsaredeliciousfood.Canyouexplainyourfeelingsaboutthisphotograph?6.3（高语境，低语境）美国的课堂上经常放映关于日本茶道的电影。日本茶道是道教传统的反映，崇尚精神高于物质，崇尚繁忙生活中的安宁。茶道在和谐的音乐中把主人和客人联系在一起。此处无声胜有声。一切尽在共同的经历，一切尽在茶室，插花，书法，瓷器之中。茶道是高语境的典型例子。而在低语境中人们会说“快点，喝杯茶！”茶中没有共同的经历可分享。6.3脸的概念：在中国文化中face有两种解释方法：脸和面子。尽管二者可以互换，但意义却不近相同。脸代表信心而面子代表荣誉和名誉。中国的道教有阴阳之分，阴阳是掌控自然和生命的一种平衡的力量。中国的食物注重色，香，味俱全是平衡和和谐的表现。中国就餐时既吃饭又吃菜也是平衡和和谐的表现。6.3Cross-culturaltips6.3.1跨文化交流中“语境文化”的角色一位受英文教育的新加坡公民的一位居于中国的长辈去世了，她代表父母到中国参加这位长辈的葬礼。临行前她母亲千叮万嘱，要她把一笔钱交给这位去世长辈的亲友，以表悼念心意。当她把钱面交有关亲友时，不料对方连连推拒。朋友见状，也就没有再坚持了。岂料回到新加坡后不久，就听到了亲友的隔海埋怨，责之不晓世事。惟到此时，她才明白了临行前母亲那几近执着的叮咛的真正含义。一位会说中文的美国投资商人曾叹道，在与中国人共事时，不是自己的话常被别人误解，就是自己对别人的话语理解不到位。在今天跨文化交流的大环境下，这种沟通不畅的问题，相信对许多读者来说，并不陌生，它实际上是凸显了这样一个事实：在很多的情况下，言语交际的不畅，已不再仅仅是语言本身的问题，而是与语言背后的文化背景和文化因素息息相关