新编简明英语语言学教程-戴伟栋版

新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版第1章导言本章要点：1.Thedefinitionandmainbranchesoflinguisticsstudy语言学的定义和研究范围2.ImportantdistinctioninLinguistic语言学的一些重要区分3.Thedefinitionandthedesignfeaturesoflanguage语言的定义和识别特征4.Functionoflanguage语言的功能本章考点：语言学考点：语言学的定义，语言学中几组重要的区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支及各自研究范畴；宏观语言及应用语言学的主要扥只及各自的研究范畴。语言的考点：语言的定义；语言的识别特征（任意性，能产性，二重性，移位性，文化传递性）；语言的功能1,Thedefinitionoflinguistics语言的定义：Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage(basedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetogeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure)2.Thescopeoflinguistics语言学的范围A：micro-linguisticsPhonetics（语音学）:thestudyofthesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.Phonology（音系学）:thestudyofhowsoundsputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.(语音分布和排列的规则及音节的形式)Morphology（形态学）:thestudyofthewayinwhichthesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords.Syntax（句法学）:thestudyofrulesinthecombinationofwordstoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguage.Semantics（语义学）:thestudyofmeaning.Pragmatics（语用学）:thestudyofthemeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.B：macro-linguisticsSociolinguistics:thestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwiththesocietyformthecoreofthebranch.Psycholinguistics:thestudyoflanguageanditsrelationwithpsychology.Appliedlinguistics:thestudyofapplicationoflanguagetothesolutionofpracticalproblems.Narrowlyitistheapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.3.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics语言学中的重要区分A:DescriptivevsPrescriptive描写式与规定式Descriptive:ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Prescriptive:ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhatshouldtheysayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobePrescriptive.B:SynchronicvsDiachronic共时性和历时性Synchronic:thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.Diachronic:thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.C:Speechvswriting言语和文学Thesearemajormediaofcommunication.D:Languevsparole语言与言语(Saussure索緖尔)Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbytheallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parole:referstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.E:Competencevsperformance语言能力和语言应用(Chomsky乔姆斯基)Competence:referstoauser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemoftherules.Performance:referstotheactualuseinconcretesituations.乔姆斯基和索绪尔的区别：索绪尔采用的是社会学的观点，他的语言观念是社会惯例性的。乔姆斯基从心理学角度看待语言，对他而言，语言能力是每个个体的大脑特征。E:TraditionalGrammarvsmodernlinguistics传统语法与现代语言学Saussure的《CourseinGeneralLinguistics》标志着现代语言学的开端。区别：a:语言学是descriptive,传统的语法是prescriptive.b:现代语言学认为口头语是基本的，而不是书面语。c:现代语言学并不强迫进入一个拉丁语为基础的框架。4.Thedefinitionoflanguage语言的定义Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.5.Thedesignfeaturesoflanguage语言的识别特征Thedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagecanbecalleddesignfeatureswhichdistinguishitfromanimallanguagesystem.A：Arbitrariness任意性Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds.B：Productivity能产性Itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.C：Duality二重性Twolevels:Atthelowerorthebasiclevelisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Athigherlevel,thesoundsoflanguagecanberegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning.D：Displacement移位性Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaingedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.E：Culturaltransmission文化传递Languageisculturallytransmitted.F：Interchangeability互换性Referstomancanbothproduceorreceivethemassages.6.Functionsoflanguage语言的功能A：mainfunctions(1)Descriptivefunction(描述):referstoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbestatedordenied,andevenverified.(2)Expressivefunction(表达):referstoemotiveorattitudinalfunction,conveyinformationaboutuser’sfeelings,preferences,prejudice,andvalues.(3)Socialfunction(社会):referstointerpersonalfunction,servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.Jakobson将语言功能划分六大类：emotive,conative(意动),referential(指向),poetic(娱乐),phaticcommunication(寒暄),andmatalinguistic(元语言).B：macrofunctions(1)Ideational(概念):Itistoorganizethespeaker’sorwriter’sexperienceoftherealorimaginaryworld.(2)Interpersonal(人际):Itistoindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeople.(3)Textual:Itistoorganizethewrittenorspokentextsinacoherentmanner,andfittheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.注意知识点：1.Onomatopoeicwords(拟声词)canNOTshowarbitrarynatureoflanguage.(拟声词并不能表示语言的任意性，有些拟声词和所表达的事物是有联系的。)2.聋哑人所使用的语言也是语言。3.语言的改变并不是任意的，而是遵循社会规律的。4.语言是在人类出现一段时间后出现的。第2章音位学本章要点：1.Speechorgans发音器官2.Distinction,classificationandthecriteriaofdescriptionbetweenconstantsandvowels辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则3.Phonemesandallophones音位和音位变体4.Phonologicalruleanddistinctivefeatures音系规则和区别特征5.Syllablestructure,stressandintonation音节结构、重音和语调本章考点：语音学：语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义、发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记；严式标音法和宽式标音法。音系学：音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的区别；音素，音位，音位变体最小对立体，自由变体的定义；自由变体；音位对立分布与互补分布；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音，句子重音）；音