最新最全本科段英语词汇学考试学习复习重点

最新最全本科段英语词汇学考试学习复习重点V2最新最全本科段英语词汇学考试学习复习重点V2《英语词汇学》复习资料第一章1.2.15%3.4.20%5.6.25%7.10%8.10%9.15%10.5%第一章Chapter1BasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary1.Word——Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.2.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.E.g.“woman”means’Frau’inGerman，’Femme’inFrenchand’Funv’inChinese.Ontheotherhand，thesamesound/rait/canmeanright，riteandwrite，thoughdenotingdifferentthings，yethavethesamesound.3.Thedifferencebetweensoundandformresultfrom4majorfactors.（Atleast80%oftheEnglishwordsfitconsistentspellingpatterns）a）.theinternalreasonisEnglishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage.b）.Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingc）.Influenceoftheworkofscribes/printingfreezesthespellingofwordsin1500d）.Borrowingofforeignlanguage4.Vocabulary——Vocabularyismostcommonlyusedtorefertothesumtotalofallthewordsofalanguage.Itcanalsorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect，agivenbook，agivensubjectandallthewordspossessedbyanindividualpersonaswellasallthewordscurrentinaparticularperiodoftimeinhistory.ThegeneralestimateofthepresentdayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.5.ClassificationofWords—byusefrequency，bynotion，byorigin1）.Basicwordstock–thefoundationofthevocabulary.1.allnationalcharacter（mostimportant）–naturalphenomenamostcommonthingsandphenomenaofthehumanbodyandrelationsworldaroundusnamesofplantsandanimalsaction，size，domain，statenumerals，pronouns，prep.，conj.2.stability–theydonatethecommonestthingnecessarytolife，theyareliketoremainunchanged.Onlyrelative，someareundergoingsomechanges.Butthechangeisslow.e.g.arrow，bow，chariot，knight–pastelectricity，machine，car，plane——now3.productivity–theyaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords，theycanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.e.g.foot–football，footage，footpath，footer4.polysemy多义性–oftenpossessmorethanonemeaning.Becomepolysemous.e.g.taketomoveorcarryfromoneplacetoanothertoremove5.collocability搭配能力强–quiteanumberofsetexpressions，idiomaticusages，proverbialsayingandotherse.g.heart–achangeofheart，aheartofgoldNon-basicvocabulary——1.terminology专业术语–technicaltermsphotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus2.jargon行业术语–specializedvocabularyincertainprofessions.Bottomline，ballparkfigures，bargainingchips，holdhimback，holdhimin，paranoid3.slang——substandardwordsoftenusedininformaloccasionsdoughandbread，grassandpot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certainwordsarelabeledslangbecauseoftheirusage.4.argot行话，黑话–wordsusedbysub-culturedgroupscan-opener，dip，persuadercant，jargon，argotareassociatedwith，ormostavailableto，specificgroupsofthepopulation.5.dialectalwords–onlybyspeakersofthedialectbeauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6.archaisms古语–wordsnolongerincommonuseorrestrictedinuse.Inolderpoems，legaldocumentandreligiouswritingorspeech.7.neologism新词，旧词新意–newlycreatedwordswithnewmeaninge.g.microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mailoldmeaningacquirednewmeaninge.g.mouse，monitor2）.Contentword（notional猜测的，理论上的word）–denoteclearnotions.Functionalword（emptyword，formword）–donothavenotionsoftheirown，expresstherelationbetweennotions，wordsandsentences.二者区别：a.ContentwordsconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabularyarenumerous.Functionalwordsareinasmallnumber.b.Contentwordsaregrowing.Functionalwordsremainstable.c.Functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressionthancontentwords.3）.Nativewords–arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe15centurybytheGermantribes.Anglo-SaxonWords，50，000-60，000Whatistrueofthebasicwordstockisalsotrueofnativeworld.Moreare1.neutralinstyle（notstylisticalspecific）2.2.frequentinuse（inacademicfieldsandscienceFrench，LatinorGreekareused）（usage70-90%）Borrowedwords（loanwords，borrowing）–wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguage.80%Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing，wecanbringtheloanwordsunder4classes.1.Denizens同化词–wordsborrowedearlyandnowarewellassimilatedintoEnglishlanguage.e.g.portfromportus（L）shift，change，shirt，porkcupfromcuppa（L）2.Aliens异形–retainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspellinge.g.décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，statusquo3.translationloans–formedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.1）.Wordtranslatedaccordingtothemeaninge.g.mothertoughfromlinguamaternal（L）blackhumorfromhumornoirlongtimenosee，surplusvalue，masterpiece2）.Wordstranslatedaccordingtothesounde.g.kulakfromkyrak（Russ）lamafromlama（Tib）ketchuptea4.Semanticloans–theirmeaningareborrowedfromanotherlanguagee.g.stupidolddumpnewsassydreamoldjoyandpeacepioneeroldexplorer/persondoingpioneeringworknewamemberoftheyoungpioneerfresholdimpertinent，sassy，cheeky第二章Chapter2ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary1.Indo-European印欧语系languagefamily（Europe，theNearEast，India）Balto–Slavic巴尔特-斯拉夫Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Italic-Germanic意大利德国日耳曼语系PrussianPersianPortugueseNorwegian普鲁士-波斯-葡萄牙-挪威语系LithuanianHindiSpanishIcelandie立陶宛-印地-西班牙-冰岛PolishItalianDanish波兰-意大利-丹麦BulgarianRoumanianSwedish保加利亚-罗马尼亚-瑞