暴风英语高三艺术班 第七讲 定语从句

第七讲句法（三）定语从句主讲人：刘灿德•自我简介：•毕业于中国科学院•多年来致力于中高考英语命题研究，组建本硕博教学研究团队，重点研究单词和语法记忆方法。•近年来出版专著数部，发表研究论文数十篇。•电话：[phone]•QQ:398832612并列句•在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语的位置是个句子。•Themanismyteacher.Themanwearsglasses.•Themanwhowearsglassesismyteacher.•先行词关系词定语从句并列句的构成：并列句是由并列连词and，but，or，for，so等把两个或两个以上互不依从，但意思紧密联系的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构为：•简单句+并列连词+简单句。•定语从句两要素：先行词和关系词•先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词•关系词：用来引导定语从句的词。关系词处在先行词和定语从句之间，起着连接主从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。•关系词又分为关系代词和关系副词•引导定语从句的关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,as•引导定语从句的关系副词有：where,when,why•定语从句分为两类：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句•1.关系代词•用来连接定语从句，并在从句中代表先行词的代词。•引导定语从句的关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose•先行词是物：thatwhich•先行词是人：whothat•在从句中的作用：主语、宾语、表语•Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.（作主语）•Theschoolthatwevisitedyesterdayisverybeautiful.（作宾语）•Theyplantedsometreeswhichdidn’tneedmuchwater.（作主语）•ThebookswhichIboughtyesterdaywereonscience.（作宾语）•ThemanwhovisitedourschoolisfromCanada.（作主语）•Thegirltowhomyoujusttalkedismydaughter.（作宾语）•Whoisthemanthatisreadingabookoverthere?（作主语）•Heisnotthemanthathewastenyearsago.他不是十年前的样子了。（作表语）•Sheisallthatateachershouldbe.她具备一个老师应该具备的所有条件。（作表语）•HehaswrittenabookwhosenameI’veforgotten.•=HehaswrittenabookthenameofwhichI’veforgotten.•=HehaswrittenabookthatI’veforgottenthenameof.•=HehaswrittenabookofwhichI’veforgottenthename.•③关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词常可以提前，但介词提前时，关系代词只能用which或whom•Themanisafamousrunner./Youtalkedtohimjustnow.•Themantowhomyoutalkjustnowisafamousrunner.•Thechairismadeofwood./Heissittingonitnow.•Thechaironwhichheissittingnowismadeofwood.•有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，一般还是放在动语之后，不提前：•Heisthestudentwhotheteachersarelookingfor.•2.关系代词中whose的用法•关系代词whose为关系代词who的所有格形式，用作名词的限定语，whose引导的定语从句既可为限定性定语从句，也可以为非限定性定语从句。先行词既可以指人，也可以指物，whose和它所修饰的名词在定语从句中可作主语及动词或介词的宾语。whose表示“谁的”，在定语从句中作定语。•DoyouknowanyonewhosefamilyisinWuhan?•Helivesinthehousewhosewindowsfacesouth.•Thisisthescientistwhosenameisknownallovertheworld.•非限制性定语从句：非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句一般不用that引导，关系词更不能省略。•Yesterdayshesoldhercar,whichsheboughtamonthago.•Weshouldn’tspendourmoneytestingsomanypeople,mostofwhomarehealthy.•Manychildren,whoseparentsareawayworkinginbigcities,aretakengoodcareofinthevillage.•TheywillflytoWashington,wheretheyplantostayfortwoorthreedays.•注意点：非限制性定语从句不能用that引导.•SheisveryfondofFrench,whichindeedshespeaksquitewell.•which还可以用来指代上文中的一件事情.•Theirhouseiswashedawaybythefloods,whichmadethemverysad.•Helosthisjobfinally,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.•4.关系副词whenwherewhy的用法•当先行词是表示时间的名词，用when，在定语从句中充当时间状语，这时一般可以用介词+which来代替：•Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen(=onwhich)Iwenttouniversity.•Doyourememberthemorningwhen(=onwhich)theearthquakehappened?•当先行词是表示地点的名词，用where，在定语从句中充当地点状语，这时一般可以用介词+which来代替：•Thisistheplacewhere(=at/inwhich)wefirstmet.•Thehotelwhere(=inwhich)westayedwasverygood.•先行词是表示原因的名词，即reason，用why，在定语从句中充当原因状语，这时一般可以用for+which来代替：•Idon’tknowthereasonwhy(=forwhich)hedidit.•Thereasonwhy(=forwhich)hewaslatewasnotclear.•注意点：•①关系副词why引导的定语从句的先行词只有reason一词，why可转换为forwhich，在口语中可用that或省略。•Thereason(why/forwhich/that)Iboughtthebookisthatmysonlikesit.•②关系副词why在定语从句中作原因状语，不可看到reason一词，就用why。•Idon’tbelievethereasonthathegaveforhisdecision.•Thereasonwhy(=forwhich)hemadethisdecisionisnotclear.•③how不能用作关系副词，不用来引导定语从句。修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用inwhich来引导，也可用that引导或省略。•Thisistheway(inwhich/that)Ididit.•Idon’tliketheway(inwhich/that)hetalks.•5.关系词的选择•（1）只用that的情况•①当先行词是不定代词all,everything,anything,nothing,much,few,little,none,theone等•Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.•Ididn’tmeanthisone;Imeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday.•②先行词（指物的)前面有only,few,oneof,little,no,all,every,very等词修饰时•There’snodifficultythatwecan’tovercome.•I’vereadallthebooksthatcanbeborrowedhere.•③先行词被序数词first,last,next等或形容词的最高级修饰时•ThisisthefirstletterthatI’vewritteninJapanese.•SheisthemostcarefulgirlthatI’veeverknown.•④当先行词既有人又有物时•Theytalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthattheyhadvisited.•Thespeakertalkedofsomewritersandbooksthatwereunknowntous.•⑤当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时•Chinaisn’tthecountrythatsheusedtobe50yearsago.•Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.•It’sabookthatwillhelpyouagreatdeal.•⑥当主句是以who,which或what开头的特殊疑问句时•Whoisthemanthatiswaitingatthebusstop?•Whichisthecarthatovertookusyesterday?•⑦当先行词是what时•Whatdidyouhearthatmadeyousoangry?•⑧当先行词是基数词时•YesterdayIcaughttwofish.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.•（2）只用which的情况•①在非限制性定语从句，充当主语或定语•Theyhavethreehouses,whicharebuiltofstone.•②当关系代词前有介词时•Thisisthefactoryinwhichweonceworked.•Westudyintheclassroomofwhichthedoorsfacesouth.•③当先行词本身是that时•What’sthatwhichflashedintheskyjustnow?•④当关系代词后面带有插入语时•HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.•I’veboughtyousomebookswhichIthinkmayinterestyou.•（3）as,which的特殊用法•①在非限制性定语从句中，除了用which外，还可以用as，均可替代整个主句的内容，翻译为“这一点”。在从句中作主语，宾语，表语。若从句在主句之后，两者皆可用。•Theyfailedintheexam,as/whichisnatural.•Theroadconditionsthereturnedouttobeverygood,as/whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.•Grammarisnotasetofdeadrules,which/asIhavesaidbefore.•②如从句在主句之前，只能用as•Asweallknow,hisparentswerekilledinthiswar.•Asisknowntoall,theearthtravelsaroundthesun.•③当先行词被thesame,such,so修饰时，用as