2013-Charles-Dickens

CharlesDickens(CharlesJohnHuffhamDickens)1812-1870theforemost(最著名的)Englishnovelistthegreatestcriticalrealistwriter(批判现实主义作家)oftheVictorianeraoneoftheEnglishlanguage’sgreatestwritersCharlesDickensI.CriticalRealismII.LifeIII.LiteraryCareerIV.AppreciationofDavidCopperfieldOutlineofCharlesDickensI.EnglishCriticalRealisim--SocicalBackgroundAfterTheIndustrialRevolution,Englandbecameatypicalcapitalistcountry.Socialeconomywasdeveloppingrapidly,however,thelivingconditionsoftheworkersdidnotgrowbetterandbecamesteadilyworse.Thegreatmiseryoftheworkersledtoanupsurgeoflabourmovementsandtheorganizationoftheworkersintounion.I.CriticalRealismLiteratureEnglishcriticalrealismofthe19cflourishedinthefortiesandintheearlyfifties.ThecriticalrealistdescribedthechieftraitsofEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsocietyfromademocraticviewpointanddelineatedthecryingcontradictionsofbourgeoisreality.I.CriticalRealismLiteratureMaingreatEnglish:CharlesDickens,WillamMakepeaceThackeray,BronteSisters,ElizabethGasked,GeorgeEliot.WilliamMakepeaceThackerayHewasfamousforhissatiricalworks,particularlyVanityFair,apanoramicportraitofEnglishsociety.ElizabethGaskell(1810-1865),MaryBarton(1848)Cranford(1851–1853)Ruth(1853)NorthandSouth(1854–1855)Sylvia'sLovers(1863)WivesandDaughters:AnEverydayStory(1865).GeorgeEliot（1819–1880）,TheMillontheFloss(1860),SilasMarner(1861),Middlemarch(1871–1872),andDanielDeronda(1876).BronteSistersCharlotte(1816–1855)《JaneEyer》Emily(1818–1848)《WutheringHeight》Anne(1820–1849)《AgnesGrey》II.Life&LiteraryCareerThefamily:largemovingfromplacetoplace:PlymouthLondonChathamformerhomeofCharlesDickensI.CriticalRealism1.Definition2.HistoricalBackground3.FeaturesofCriticalRealisticWritingsCharlesDickensDickensisagreatesthumoristandsatiristandhisnovelsarecharacterizedbyaminglingofhumorandpathos(n.哀婉，悲怆).Thefather:aclerkattheNavalPayOffice(海军工资处职员)anextravagantspenderIn1823arrestedfordebtthepoor-debtor'sprison负债人监狱Charleshadtostartworkinginafactory,labellingbottlesfor6shillingsaweek.Theeconomyeventuallyimproved.Charleswentbacktoschool.↙BirthplaceofDickens:Portsmouthstartedtoworkinasolicitor’sofficeafterleavingschoollearnedshorthandworkingasareporterforthe“MorningChronicle”incourtsoflawandtheHouseofCommons(英国下院).traveltoAmericaarousethehostilityoftheAmericanpressbysupportingtheabolitionmovementHewishedtobeburiedinRochesterCathedralHewaslaidtorestinthePoets'CornerofWestminsterAbbey.editedweeklyperiodicalswrotetravelbooksadministratedcharitableorg.atheatreenthuasiastwroteplaysandperformedbeforeQueenVictoriain1851hisenergywasinexhaustibleandhespentmuchtimeabroad--e.g.lecturingagainstslaveryintheUnitedStates.Manofmanytalents:AwoodenhousealongsidetheThamesinwhichCharlesDickenswrotesomeofhisnovelsIII.LiteraryCareer1.The1stPeriod:youthfuloptimist2.The2ndPeriod:excitement&irritation3.The3rdPeriod:steadilyintensifyingpessimismTheFirstPeriod(1836-1841)SketchesbyBoz《博兹札记》(1836),ThePickwickPapers(1836-1837),《匹克威克外传》OliverTwist(1837-1838),NicholasNickleby(1838-1839)《尼古拉斯尼克贝》,TheOldCuriosityShop(1840-1841),《老古玩店》TheSecondPeriod(1842-1850)AmericanNotes《美国纪行》(1842),MartinChuzzlewit《马丁翟述伟》(1843-1845),AChristmasCarol《圣诞颂歌》(1843),DombeyandSon《董贝父子》(1846-1848),DavidCopperfield《大卫科波菲尔》(1849-1850).TheThirdPeriod(1852-1870)BleakHouse《荒凉山庄》(1852-1853),HardTimes《艰难时世》(1854),LittleDorrit《小杜丽》(1855-1857),ATaleofTwoCities(1859),GreatExpectations(1860-1861),OurMutualFriendn《我们共同的朋友》(1864-1865),Edwindrood《艾德温德鲁德》(unfinished1870).Duringthe1840s:hisfameandrespectkeepincreasinghissocialcriticismbecamemoreradicalhiscomedymoresavageLastnovel:TheMysteryofEdwinDroodnevercompletedlaterpublishedposthumouslyDickens'novelswere,amongotherthings,worksofsocialcommentary.Hewasafiercecriticofthepovertyandsocialstratification(阶层的形成)ofVictoriansociety.Throughouthisworks,Dickensretainedansympathyforthecommonman.NotedscholarHaroldBloom,inhisstudyofDickens,praisestheauthor’s“astonishinguniversality,inwhichhenearlyrivalsShakespeareandtheBible”.Literarystyle:SocialcommentaryDickens’popularity,inhisowndayandsince,isduechiefly:(1)tohisintensehumansympathy(2)tohisunsurpassedemotionalanddramaticpower(3)tohisaggressivehumanitarianzealforthereformofallevilsandabuses,whethertheyweighupontheoppressedclassesoruponhelplessindividualsButasabourgeoiswriter,hecaninnowaysupplyanyfundamentalsolutiontothesocialplights.Inthenovel,DavidCopperfieldhastoleaveschooltoworkinawarehousewashingandlabelingbottlesusedinthewinetrade.David’sinitials(D.C.)are,ofcourse,thereverseofDickens’s(C.D.).IV.AppreciationofDavidCopperfieldTypeofWorkanovelwritteninfirst-personpointofview.Itissometimesreferredtoasanapprenticeshipnovel.TDavidCopperfieldCharlesDickens’sautobiographicalnovelfulloriginaltitle:ThePersonalHistoryandExperienceofDavidCopperfieldtheYoungertheauthor’sfavoriteremainedafavoriteforgenerationsofreadersapprenticeshipnovel学徒小说Definition:anovelthatcentersontheperiodinwhichayoungpersongrowsup–thatis,serveshisapprenticeship.alsobeidentif