电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版社English-for-IT-and-EE-01

信息科学与电子工程专业英语TechnicalEnglishForInformationScienceandElectronicEngineering1开场白：好的英语是“读”出来的学习任何语言都要大量阅读。“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟”。大凡读得多的人，语言表达能力都比较强。学英语也要大量阅读。英语好的人，一般说来都读过相当数量的书。只有读得多的人才能真正学好英语。很多人热衷于做题目，以为这是学英语的正确途径。做的试题一套又一套，英语水平却并无实质性提高。好的英语是“读”出来的，不是做练习“做”出来的。“读”出来的英语是地道的，自然的，因为学的是“语感”。“做”出来的英语往往流于生硬，因为是依赖“语法规则”硬做的。2开场白：好的英语是“读”出来的我主张一口气读下去，即便有个别单词挡道，只要不影响整体内容的理解，就不必停下来查词典，因为那样会打断思路，影响阅读速度，甚至扼杀阅读兴趣。阅读主要目的在于语言吸收上的潜移默化，在于获得语感。阅读需要“量”，没有大量语言“输入”难以学好英语。国内学习者恰恰语言输入量太少，输出量就更少，往往事倍功半。练习要做，但要适量；重要的是阅读，大量的阅读。节引自：黄源深，英语阅读也轻松，文汇报，2004.8.2信息科学与电子工程专业英语UnitOneElectronics:AnalogandDigital信息科学与电子工程专业英语PartIIdealOperationalAmplifiersandPracticalLimitations5NewWordsoperationalamplifier运算放大器opamp运放的简写parameters参数specification指标methodical有方法的，有系统的doom注定objective目的prototype原型，样机drastically激烈地，彻底地striking惊人的，醒目的gain增益closed-loopgain闭环增益outputswing输出电压变化范围supplyrails电源供给线datasheet技术规格表relevance有关，适当moral道德，寓意impedance阻抗dissipation消耗biascurrent偏置电流6NewWordsresistance电阻drift漂移transient瞬态的slewrate转换率，斜率linearity线性trimming微调retrospective回顾的tricky机敏的，狡猾的worst-casevalue最不利的数值mandatory命令的，必须的desirability可取性，值得sledgehammer大锤transducer传感器，变换器offsetvoltagedrift补偿电压的漂移negligible可忽略的unquoted未注明的proportion比例plug插入71Inordertodiscusstheidealparametersofoperationalamplifiers,wemustfirstdefinetheterms,andthengoontodescribewhatweregardastheidealvaluesforthoseterms.Atfirstsight,thespecificationsheetforanoperationalamplifierseemstolistalargenumberofvalues,someinstrangeunits,someinterrelated,andoftenconfusingtothoseunfamiliarwiththesubject.对这些指标项讲述我们所认为的理想值经常使那些对运放不熟悉的人感到迷惑81Theapproachtosuchasituationistobemethodical,andtakethenecessarytimetoreadandunderstandeachdefinitionintheorderthatitislisted.Withoutarealappreciationofwhateachmeans,thedesignerisdoomedtofailure.Theobjectiveistobeabletodesignacircuitfromthebasisofthepublisheddata,andknowthatitwillfunctionaspredictedwhentheprototypeisconstructed.1按照列出的次序阅读并理解每一个定义能按公布的数据设计电路，并确认构建的样机具有预计的功能91Itisalltooeasywithlinearcircuits,whichappearrelativelysimplewhencomparedwithtoday’scomplexlogicarrangements,toignoredetailedperformanceparameterswhichcandrasticallyreducetheexpectedperformance.2对于线性电路，它们与现在的复杂逻辑电路结构相比看起来较为简单，（因而在设计中）太容易忽视具体的性能参数了，这些（参数）可极大地削弱预期性能。本句主要结构：Itiseasy…toignore…102AnexampleLetustakeaverysimplebutstrikingexample.Considerarequirementforanamplifierhavingavoltagegainof10at50kHzdrivingintoa10kWload.3Acommonlow-cost,internallyfrequency-compensatedopampischosen;ithastherequiredbandwidthataclosed-loopgainof10,anditwouldseemtomeetthebill.4Thedeviceisconnected,anditisfoundtohavethecorrectgain.考虑对一个50kHz频率时电压增益为10的放大器驱动10kW负载时的要求（注意at和into的用法）看来满足价格要求（bill：帐单）112Butitwillonlyproduceafewvoltsoutputswingwhenthedataclearlyshowsthattheoutputshouldbecapableofdrivingtowithintwoorthreevoltsofthesupplyrails.5Thedesignerhasforgottenthatthemaximumoutputvoltageswingisseverelylimitedbyfrequency,andthatthemaximumlow-frequencyoutputswingbecomeslimitedatabout10kHz.它只能产生几伏的电压输出范围，然而数据却清楚地显示输出应能驱动达到电源电压范围以内2到3伏。122Ofcourse,theinformationisinfactonthedatasheet,butitsrelevancehasnotbeenappreciated.Thissortofproblemoccursregularlyfortheinexperienceddesigner.Sothemoralisclear:alwaystakethenecessarytimetowritedownthefulloperatingrequirementsbeforeattemptingadesign.Attentiontothedetailoftheperformancespecificationwillalwaysbebeneficial.Itissuggestedthefollowinglistofperformancedetailsbeconsidered:注意句型：Itissuggested…thelist…beconsidered.1321.Closedloopgainaccuracy,stabilitywithtemperature,timeandsupplyvoltage2.Powersupplyrequirements,sourceandloadimpedances,powerdissipation3.Inputerrorvoltagesandbiascurrents.Inputandoutputresistance,driftwithtimeandtemperature4.Frequencyresponse,phaseshift,outputswing,transientresponse,slewrate,frequencystability,capacitiveloaddriving,overloadrecovery1435.Linearity,distortionandnoise6.Input,outputorsupplyprotectionrequired.Inputvoltagerange,common-moderejection7.ExternaloffsettrimmingrequirementNotallofthesetermswillberelevant,butitisusefultorememberthatitisbettertoconsidertheminitiallyratherthantobeforcedintoretrospectivemodifications.而不要被迫返工154AllparametersaresubjecttowidevariationsNeverforgetthisfact.Howmanytimeshasacircuitbeendesignedusingtypicalvalues,onlytofindthatthecircuitdoesnotworkbecausethedeviceusedisnottypical?6Theabovestatementthusposesatrickyquestion:whenshouldtypicalvaluesandwhenshouldworst-casevaluesbeusedinthedesign?有多少次是在用典型值设计好电路后发现（该电路）只是因为使用的器件不典型而不能工作？在设计中何时应该使用典型值，何时应该使用最不利值？164Thisiswherethejudgmentoftheexperienceddesignermustbebroughttobear.Clearly,ifcertainperformancerequirementsaremandatory,thenworst-casevaluesmustbeused.Inmanycases,however,thedesirabilityofacertaindefinedperformancewillbeacompromisebetweeneaseofimplementation,degreeofimportance,andeconomicconsiderations.7某一规定的性能是否可取要在易实现性，重要性，经济性之间取得折中。175Donotover-specifyorover-designIntheend,weareallcontrolledbycost,anditisreallypointlesstakingasledgehammertocrackanut,Simplicityisoftheessencesincethelowpartscountimplementationisinvariablycheaperandmorereliable.8杀鸡用牛刀用较少元器件实现（的电路）总是更便宜也更可靠。lowpartscountimplem