语言学基本定义

语言languageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedbysocialgroupforcommunication.Arbitrariness:theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Productivity:languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsreclusiveness.Wecanuseittocreatenewmeanings.Duality:thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.Displacement:humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspare)atthemovementofcommunication.Culturaltransmission:languageisnotgeneticallyinherited.Passedfromgenerationtogeneration,itrequiressomelearning.Itistruehumanarebornwithlanguagecapacity,butaparticularlanguageapersonlearnstospeakisaculturalone,ratherthanageneticonelikethedogs’barkingsystem.Interchangeability:anyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandreceiverofmessages.Languagefunction:informative:languageistheinstrumentofthought,recordthefacts.Theuseoflanguagetorecordthefactsisaprerequisiteofsocialdevelopment.Interpersonal:byfarthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage,andbywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Performative:theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersonsEmotive:tochangetheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.Phaticcommunion:weallusesuchsmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionstomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontents.Recreational:therecreationalfunctionofalanguageisoftenoverlookedbecauseitseemssorestrictiveinpurposeandsupposedlysolimitedinusefulness.Metalingual:ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics:规定性Prescriptive.描述性Descriptive/8.共时语言学Synchronicallinguistics7.历时语言学Diachroniclinguistics/5.语言能力Competence6.语言运用performance/9.语言langue10.言语parole/speech,writing/traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics第二章音系学1Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.2internationalphoneticalphabetAsetofstandardphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart,designedbytheinternationalphoneticassociationsince1888.Ithasbeenrevisedfromtimetotimetoincludenewdiscoveriesandchangesinphonetictheoryandpractice.3consonantsandvowelsConsonantareproducedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowing,whichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.Vowelisproducedwithoutsuchstricturesothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthornose.4cardinalvowelAreasetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguage.5anticipatoryandperseverativeco-articulationwhensuchsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationareinvolved,wecalltheprocessco-articulation.Ifthesoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,itisknownasanticipatoryco-articulation.Ifthesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheproceedingsound,itisperseverativeco-articulation.6PhonemeThesmallestofsoundwhichcandistinguishtwowords7AllophonesDifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.8MinimalpairAretwowordsinalanguagewhichdifferfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesoundandwhichalsodifferinmeaning.9freevariationiftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironmentdonotcontrast,thatisthesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword,thenthetwowordsareinfreevariation.Chapterthree词汇学Thetotalnumberofwordsstoredinthebrainiscalledthelexicon.Wordsarethesmallestfreeunitsoflanguagethatunitesoundswithmeaning.Word:Aunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynativespeakers,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.Lexeme:theabstractunitunderlyingthesmallestunitinthelexicalsystemofalanguage,whichappearsindifferentgrammaticalcontexts.Grammatical/Functionalwords:expressgrammaticalmeanings,suchasconjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronouns.Lexical/contentwords:havelexicalmeanings,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.Open-classwords:awordgroupwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited.Newmemberscanbeadded.Closed-classwords:awordgroupwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited,newmembersarenotregularlyadded.Morphology;thestudyofwordformation,theinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Morphemes:thesmallestunitlanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Freemorphemes:thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves.Boundmorphemes；thosethatcannotoccuraloneRoot:thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.It