英语国家概况-谢福之-Chapter-2(最新修订版)

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英语国家概况TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandChapter2HistoryTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesTheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpireTheFoundingoftheNationITransitiontotheModernAgeIIIIIBritainsinceWorldWarIIIVAdditionalInformationVCONTENTForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesTheFoundingoftheNationI1.2FeudalSociety1.1RomanBritainandtheAnglo-SaxonsForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries1.1RomanBritainandAnglo-Saxons1.1.1PrehistoricPeriod(historyundocumented)9,000yearsagopartofE-Continentabout3,100BCthenativeNeolithicpeople(Stonehenge)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesStonehengeItisthemostfamousprehistoricmonumentinBritainandissituatedonSalisburyPlaininthecountyofWiltshire.PeoplebeganbuildingStonehengeabout5,100yearsago,draggingeachstoneintoplace.StonehengeanditsStatue1.1RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonsForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesThenameofBritain—BritonsTribalsocietyCelticLanguage(IrishGaelic,ScottishGaelic,Welsh)1.1.2CelticBritain(8th-5thCenturyBC)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesFirstinvasion—InAugust55BC,JuliusCaesarinvadedBritainSecond—Caesar'ssecondraidin54BCThirdandfinal—In43AD,EmperorClaudius,finalandsuccessfulRomaninvasionofBritainLeft—GermanicbarbariansattackedRome,forcingallRomantroopstoleaveBritain,andthusendingtheRomanoccupationoftheisland.1.1.3RomanBritain(43AD-5thCentury)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesJuliusCaesar(GaiusJuliusCaesar,恺撒大帝,100BC-44BC)ChangedthecourseofthehistoryoftheGreco-Romanworlddecisivelyandirreversibly.Launchedaseriesofpoliticalandsocialreforms.Assassinatedbyagroupofnobles.1.1.3RomanBritain(43AD-5thCentury)JuliusCaesarForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesCapableadministrators&goodbuilders(townsandcities&roads)BuildingofLondonRiverThames“LondonBridge”Buildingofroads1.1.3RomanBritain(43AD-5thCentury)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries1.1.4TheAnglo-SaxonInvasion(5th-8thCentury)Germanicpeople(theJutesfromJutland,AnglesfromSouthofDenmarkandSaxonsfromGermany)English(languageoftheAngles)dominantlanguageRomanChristianitySt.AugustinebringsChristianitytoBritainfromRomeandbecomesArchbishopofCanterburyForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesSt.Augustine(圣奥古斯丁,？-604/605)FirstarchbishopofCanterburyandtheapostle(传道者)ofEngland,whofoundedtheChristianchurchinsouthernEngland.PopeGregorytheGreatchosehimin595toleadamission,usuallyknownastheGregorianmission,toBritaintoChristianizetheKingdomofKent.ConvertedmanyAnglo-SaxonstoRomanChristianity.1.1.4TheAnglo-SaxonInvasion(5th-8thCentury)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries1.1.5DanishInvasion(8thCentury-1066)theVikings(fromtheScandinaviancountries:Norway,DenmarkandSweden)AlfredtheGreat:kingofWessexPeaceTreaty:TheeasternhalfoftheislandwastobesubjecttotheDanishlawknownastheDanelaw.From1016to1042,undertheruleofDanishkingsIn1042,theEnglishthronewasreturnedtotheAnglo-Saxons.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAlfredtheGreat(阿尔弗雷德大帝,871-899)HepreventedEnglandfromfallingtotheDanesandpromotedlearningandliteracy.CompilationoftheAnglo-SaxonChroniclebeganduringhisreign,c.890.1.1.5DanishInvasion(8thCentury-1066)AlfredtheGreatForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries•WestminsterAbbey,anarchitecturalmasterpieceofthe13thto16thcenturies.1.1.5DanishInvasion(8thCentury-1066)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesIn1066,EdwardchoseHaroldofWessextobeKinginhisplace.DukeWilliam,oftenreferredtoasWilliamtheConquer,challengedHarold’ssuccession,wontheBattleofHastings,andwascrownedKing.1.1.6TheNormanConquestNormanCavalierWilliamtheConquerForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesNormanConquest(诺曼征服)ThemilitaryconquestofEnglandbyWilliam,dukeofNormandy.ItisprimarilyeffectedbyhisdecisivevictoryattheBattleofHastings(Oct.14,1066)andresultsultimatelyinprofoundpolitical,administrative,andsocialchangesintheBritishIsles.1.1.6TheNormanConquestForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesImmediatelyafterChristmas1066,WilliamstartedbuildingtheTowerofLondon,thegreatfortresswhichdemonstratedhispoweranddominatedthecityofLondon.1.1.6TheNormanConquestForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesHouseofAnjou(安茹王朝,1154-1485)14kingsAlsoknownastheHouseofPlantagenet(金雀花王朝)transformingEnglandintooneofthemostmaturekingdomsinEuropeMajorEvents:theMagnaCarta(大宪章),HundredYears’War1.2.1GreatCharter(MagnaCarta)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries1.2.1GreatCharter(MagnaCarta)In1154