秦始皇陵兵马俑-英语-ppt

Travelinginxi’an-Terracotta吴建雄101209249backroundTheTerracottaArmywasdiscoveredinthespringof1974totheeastofXi'aninShaanxiprovincebyagroupoffarmerswhentheywerediggingawaterwellaround1mile(1.6km)eastoftheQinemperor'stombmoundatMountLi(Lishan),aregionriddledwithundergroundspringsandwatercourses.Forcenturies,therehadbeenoccasionalreportsofpiecesofterracottafiguresandfragmentsoftheQinnecropolis–roofingtiles,bricks,andchunksofmasonry–havingbeendugupinthearea.ThismostrecentdiscoverypromptedChinesearchaeologiststoinvestigate,andtheyunearthedthelargestpotteryfigurinegroupeverfoundinChina.AbriefintroductionofthemuseumoftheterracottaamryTheMuseumoftheTerracottaAmrywasopenedtothepublicin1979.itistheworld-famousmuseumthatisconstructedonthesiteofitsfindings.ThemainexhibitsoftheMuseumoftheTerracottaAmryarethreeexposedpitswithclaywarriorsandhorses,aswellasthehallofthetwobronzechariotsandhorses.Approximates8,000claywarriorsandhorses,morethan10,000brozenweaponshavebeenfoundinthepits.ThemuseunislikeatreasurehouseofQinDynasty’smilitaryaffairs,scienceandtechnology,artandculture.IthasbeenlistedasanUNESCO“worldheritagesite”todaythe“eightwonderoftheworld”hasbecomeasynonymforthewell-knownterracottaamry.Thefiguresvaryinheightaccordingtotheirroles,withthetallestbeingthegenerals.Thefiguresincludewarriors,chariotsandhorses.CurrentestimatesarethatinthethreepitscontainingtheTerracottaArmytherewereover8,000soldiers,130chariotswith520horsesand150cavalryhorses,themajorityofwhicharestillburiedinthepits.[1]Otherterracottanon-militaryfigureswerealsofoundinotherpitsandtheyincludeofficials,acrobats,strongmenandmusicians.ConstructionoffiguresDiagramofthemuseumPitsTherearefourmainpitsassociatedwiththeterracottaarmy.Thesepitsarelocatedabout1.5kmeastoftheburialmoundandareabout7metresdeep.Thearmyisplacedasiftoprotectthetombfromtheeast,wherealltheQinEmperor'sconqueredstateslay.Pitone,whichis230metreslongand62metreswide,containsthemainarmyofmorethan6,000figuresBriefingofpit1Pit1isthelargestofthethreepits.Itmeasures230meterslongfromeasttowest,62meterswidefromnorthtosouth,converinganareaof14,260squaremeters.UPtonow,about2,000potterywarriorsandhorses,20woodenchariotshavebeenunearthedwhininanareaof4,000squaremeters.It’sassumedthatmorethan6,000terra-cottawarriorsandhorses,50chariotswereburiedinPit1.62metersPit15meters11corridors10walls14,260squarmetersthelargestexcavationpitoftheTerracottaArmy.210Briefingofpit2Pittwohascavalryandinfantryunitsaswellaswarchariotsandisthoughttorepresentamilitaryguard.ItwasoneofthemostspectacularArmyteaminthreepit,Itmeasures96meterslongfromeasttowest,84meterswidefromnorthtosouth,converinganareaof8,064squaremeters.UPtonow,about1,300potterywarriorsandhorses,80woodenchariotshavebeenunearthed6000squaremeters1000warriorsand500chariotsandhorsesPit21.78—1.98m110—130kgBriefingofpit3Pitthreeisthecommandpost,withhighrankingofficersandawarchariot.UPtonow,about68potterywarriorsand4clayhorsehavebeenunearthedwhininanareaof520squaremeters.Pitfourisempty,seeminglyleftunfinishedbyitsbuilders.520squaremetersCommander’sofficePrayerHall68warriorsand4clayhorsesPit3BronzeChariotsandHorsesChariotNo.11182piecesHighChariot1.55m1061kgChariotNo.2SecurityChariot1.06m1182kg1555piecesFindingsWeaponssuchasswords,spears,battle-axe（战斧）,scimitars（短弯刀）,shields（盾）,crossbows（驽）andarrowheads（箭头）werefoundatthepitsoftheterracottawarriors.Someoftheseweaponssuchastheswordsarestillverysharpandfoundtobecoatedwithchromiumoxide.Thislayerofchromiumoxideis10–15micrometrethickandhaskepttheswordsrust-freeandinpristineconditionafter2,000years.Chromiumonlycametotheattentionofwesternersinthe18thcentury.Manyswordscontainanalloyofcopper,tinandotherelementsincludingnickel,magnesium,andcobalt.AQincrossbowarrowisestimatedtohavearangeof800metres.Bronzesword(青铜剑）Cutthough20piecesofpaperputtogetherCoatedwithalayerofoxidativechromiumGerman1930GalleryTerracottaWarrior,kneelingfigurine.Ranksofterracottainfantrymen.Arankofsoldiers.Oneofthesoldiersontheleftismissinghishead,aresultofthefactthatthestatuesweremadeinpiecesandthenassembled.Notehowthefacesofthesetwosoldiersdifferfromeachother.Eachstatuewasconstructedtobeunique.Anarcher'sstatue.AcavalrymanandhismounTheTerracottaWarriorswereoncepainted.Todayonlyahandfulofstatuescontainsmallamountsofpaint.Alsonoticethedetailputintothesolesofthewarrior'sshoes.AcavalrymanandhismountAlargenumberofotherpitswhichformedthenecropolishavealsobeenexcavated.Thesepitsmayliewithinoroutsidethewallssurroundingthetombmound.Theseaccessorypitsvariouslycontainbronzecarriages,terracottafiguresofentertainerssuchasacrobatsandstrongmen,officials,stonearmoursuits,burialssitesofhorses,rareanimals,andlabourers,aswellasbronzecranesandducksinanundergroundpark.