您好,欢迎访问三七文档
第33讲关系分句C红尘关系分句(RelativeClause)是由关系词(RelativeWord)引导的分句结构。这种结构又称“定语从句”(AttributiveClause),因这种分句的主要功能是作名词的修饰语(定语)。但是关系分句除作“定语”外,还可以表示其他意义,因此称为‘’关系分句‘’。关系分句就与其先行项的语义分为限制性关系分句(RestrictiveRelativeClause)和非限制性关系分句(Non-relativeClause)•限制性关系分句和它的先行项的所指意义有不可分割的关系,缺了它,作为先行项的名词(词组)便不能明确表示其所指对象。Hereistheboywhodamagedthevase.•非限制性关系分句和先行项之间只有比较松散的联系,它不是先行项不可缺少的组成部分,而仅仅对先行项起补充说明。因此,如果省略了一个非限制性关系分句,并不影响先行项的所指意义。Mycousin,whoisanengineer,wenttoEuropelastweek.从句关系代词格用于限制性和非限制性定语只用于限制性定语从句指人指物既指人又指物主格词whowhichthat宾格词whom属格词WhoseOfwhichWhoseOfwhich限制性定语定语从句中,当先行词指物时,有许多情况既可用关系代词which,也可用关系代词that,下面情况只用that.特殊情况例句先行词是不定代词all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theoneDoyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosayforyourself?Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.当先行词前面有only,any,little,no,all,very等词修饰时ThisistheverybookthatI’mlookingfor.Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.当先行词是形容词最高级时或它的前面有形容词最高级修饰时Thisisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatI’veeverseen.当先行词是序数词或它前面有一个序数词修饰时ThistrainisthelastthatwillgotoSuzhou.WhatisthefirstAmericanfilmthatyouhaveseen?当先行词既有人又有物时Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?当主句的主语是疑问词who或whichWhichisthebikethatyoulost?Whoistheboythatwonthegoldmedal?有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词已有which,另外一个宜用thatTheysecretlybuiltupasmallfactorywhichproducedthingsthatcouldcausepollution.当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词也在从句作表语时Shanghaiislongerthecitythatisusedtobe.限制性与非限制性定语从句——非限制定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法1)任何情况都不能省略。2)who(主语),whom(宾语),which(主语,宾语)不能用that代替,也不能互相替换。3)介词+which/whom+从句结构中,介词不能移到从句后面。4)when,where可用于非限制性定语从句。“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句•”介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时,介词的宾语只能用which(指物)whom(指人),即:介词+which/whom1当介词放在关系代词的前面时,介词宾语只用which或whom,关系代词不能省略。EG:IsthisthehouseinwhichShakespearewasborn?Hepaidtheboy10yuanforwashingtenwindows,mostofwhichhadn’tbeencleanedfortleastayear.RecentlyIboughtanancientvase,thepriceofwhichwasveryreasonable.2当介词位于定语从句的末尾时,可用that/which(指物),that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语,而且作介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。Thisistheherothat/which/whom/省略weareproudof.Thisispenthat/which/省略Iwrotetheletterwith.3“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句,这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtalltree.注意:在一些固定搭配的短语中,由于动词和介词不可分割,因此不能把介词至于关系代词之前。如:ThisisthepenforwhichI’mlooking.4“介词+which/whom+不定时结构”Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichtolive.=Thepoormanhasnohousetolivein.=Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichhecanlive.关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句的关系代词及关系副词除了起连接先行词和从句的的作用外,它们还有一个最重要的作用,就是它们分别在定语从句中担当成分。具体地说,关系代词在定语从句中作主语和宾语,而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此在选择引导词时,最重要是分析一下定语从句的成分,若从句中缺主语和宾语,那么必须用关系代词,若从句中不缺主语和宾语,那么必须用关系副词。是比较句子:1.Doyoustillrememberthedaysthat/whichwespentinQingdao?2.DoyoustillrememberthedayswhenwespentthesummerholidaysinQingdao?在句子1中,定语从句中缺宾语,因此必须用关系代词that/which来引导从句;在句子2,定语从句不缺主语也不缺宾语,因此必须用关系副词when来引导从句。介词+关系代词(which)=when/where,有时为表达清楚,还可以在关系副词when/where前加介词from,to等。Chinaisthebirthplaceofkites,fromwherekitingflyingspreadtoJapanKorea,ThailandandIndia.关系代词as引导的定语从句关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句也可以引导非导制性定语从句,as在句中作主语,宾语,表语。1.引导限制性定语从句,as引导限制性定语从句,常用于下列句式:(1)such+名词+as…像…一样的,像….之类thesame+名词+as…和….同样的。其中关系代词as在从句中担当主语,宾语,表语。Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.(as作主语)Therehousesaresoldatsuchalowpriceaspeopleexpected.(as作宾语)Heisnotthesamemanashewas.(as作表语)(2)….suchas…Such为关系代词,意为“这样的人或物”,as在从句中担当成分,修饰先行词such.ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpect.(as作宾语)As引导的非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可插入主句中,而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同两者都可代指主句的整个内容,而不是主句中的某一个词。Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.=Themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth,as/whichisknowntoeverybody.As多用于这些习惯用语中:asanybodycansee;asiswell-known=asisknowntoall;aswehadexpected;asoftenhappens;ashasbeensaidbefore;asismentionedabove.关系代词as,which的区别。定语从句中as,which都可引导非限制性定语从句,但是当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时,只能用as,不用which,当定语从句放在主句后面时,也并不是as就永远等于which。1当定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用whichHecamehereverylate,whichwasunexpected(notexpected)2当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接动词的被动语态。如:beknown,besaid,bereported,beannounced等,如果从句中行为动词是主动语态,一般用which作主语。Shehasbeenabsentagain,asisexpected.Tomhasmaderapidprogress,whichmakesmeveryhappy.As常用在as(it)seemslikely,as(it)oftenhappens,as(it)wasprintedout,as(it)wassaidearlier,asIremember(it),asIunderstand(it),as(it)appears.Jackhaswonthefirstprize,asitoftenhappens.注意way和time后接定语从句的情况1当先行词是way意为“方式,方法”时,引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。Idon’tunderstandthewayinwhich/that/不填theyworkedouttheproblem.注意下面两个句子中关系副词的不同:Thewaythat/which/省略heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.(作宾语)Thewaythat/which/省略heexplainedthesentencetouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.(作状语)2先行词是time时,若time表示“次数”时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time表示“一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句。Thiswasatatimewhen/duringwhichtherewerenoradios,notelephoneornoTVsets.为了增加定语从句试题难度,常采用以下方法。1在定语从句中,适当加入插入语。如:Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay____,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.A.whoB.whichC.whatD.thatThewrongyou’vedonehimisterrible,for_____Ithink(inmyopinion)youshouldmakeanapologytohim.A.thisB.thatC.whatD.that【Key】BB【解析】将出现的插入成分去掉,就一目了然了。2把先行词与定语从句隔开,即考察“分割性定语从句”。如:Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome___Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfarawayvilla
本文标题:关系分句1
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-5576411 .html